[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":8917},["ShallowReactive",2],{"blog-post-quantum-cloud-computing":3,"sibling-dives-quantum-cloud-computing":1890,"learn-track-quantum-cloud-computing":8915,"learn-prereq-quantum-cloud-computing":8916},{"id":4,"title":5,"authors":6,"body":8,"breadcrumb":1862,"builders":1865,"byline":1866,"category":1870,"categoryName":1870,"challenge":1870,"courseAuthor":1870,"courseLead":1870,"dek":1871,"description":1872,"draft":1873,"extension":1874,"eyebrow":1870,"featured":1873,"finish":1870,"fork":1870,"group":1870,"groupName":1870,"hero":1870,"heroAlt":1870,"heroCta":1870,"heroImage":1870,"homepageFeatured":1873,"kind":1875,"lessonCount":1870,"meta":1876,"navigation":302,"newsItems":1870,"next":1870,"ogImage":1877,"order":1870,"outcomes":1870,"path":1878,"prerequisite":1870,"prerequisiteLinks":1870,"publishDate":1879,"readingTime":1880,"related":1881,"relatedProjects":1870,"section":1882,"seo":1883,"spotlight":1873,"stem":1885,"tags":1886,"track":1870,"trackName":1870,"updates":1870,"__hash__":1889},"blog\u002Fblog\u002Fquantum-cloud-computing.md","Quantum cloud computing services, compared",[7],"nico",{"type":9,"value":10,"toc":1844},"minimark",[11,35,40,48,100,103,111,116,136,141,183,189,193,198,201,225,589,619,642,646,649,796,800,803,958,961,989,996,1000,1004,1012,1234,1238,1374,1377,1380,1393,1397,1400,1676,1681,1713,1717,1750,1754,1764,1770,1779,1785,1794,1798,1801,1807,1811,1840],[12,13,14,18,21],"quick-answer",{},[15,16,17],"p",{},"Quantum cloud computing means using a quantum computer over the internet. You write a job on your own machine, a provider runs it on its hardware, and the results come back. Most jobs are gate-model circuits written with an SDK such as Qiskit. Some machines take analog programs or optimization problems instead.",[15,19,20],{},"Three kinds of service sell this access. Multi-vendor clouds such as Amazon Braket and Azure Quantum resell several makers' machines. Makers such as IBM run their own clouds. Platforms such as qBraid route your job to someone else's machine. Most machines sit on more than one of these.",[15,22,23,24,29,30,34],{},"IBM's Open Plan, Open Quantum and Qollab each give some hardware time for free. To send a first job, follow ",[25,26,28],"a",{"href":27},"#on-ibms-open-plan","IBM's free route"," or run the ",[25,31,33],{"href":32},"#the-same-circuit-on-qollab","same circuit on Qollab",".",[36,37,39],"h2",{"id":38},"which-route-fits-which-need","Which route fits which need",[15,41,42,43,47],{},"The ",[25,44,46],{"href":45},"#machines-and-where-they-run","machines table"," lists the clouds that reach each machine.",[49,50,51,64,70,76,82,88,94],"ul",{},[52,53,54,58,59,63],"li",{},[55,56,57],"strong",{},"Free hardware time with no application:"," IBM's Open Plan, Open Quantum's Spark Credits or Qollab's monthly credits. ",[25,60,62],{"href":61},"#where-hardware-time-is-free","Where hardware time is free"," gives the terms.",[52,65,66,69],{},[55,67,68],{},"Several makers' machines from one account:"," Amazon Braket, Azure Quantum, qBraid or Open Quantum. Scaleway and OVHcloud sell access to European machines.",[52,71,72,75],{},[55,73,74],{},"IBM's processors:"," IBM Quantum Platform. Its free Open Plan reaches three 156-qubit Heron processors.",[52,77,78,81],{},[55,79,80],{},"Trapped ions:"," IonQ Forte on Braket, Azure, qBraid, Open Quantum or Qollab. Quantinuum H2 on Azure or Quantinuum Nexus. AQT IBEX Q1 on Braket or Scaleway.",[52,83,84,87],{},[55,85,86],{},"Neutral atoms in analog mode:"," QuEra Aquila on Braket. Pasqal's FRESNEL on Pasqal Cloud, Azure or Scaleway.",[52,89,90,93],{},[55,91,92],{},"Annealing, for optimization problems:"," D-Wave Leap.",[52,95,96,99],{},[55,97,98],{},"No install, from a browser:"," IBM Quantum Composer builds circuits by drag and drop and runs them on IBM machines once you sign in. Qollab runs Python on IonQ Forte.",[36,101,62],{"id":102},"where-hardware-time-is-free",[15,104,105,106,110],{},"Free simulators are far more common than free hardware time; ",[25,107,109],{"href":108},"\u002Fexplore\u002Fquantum-computer-simulators","Free quantum computer simulators"," compares them.",[15,112,113],{},[55,114,115],{},"With a sign-up:",[49,117,118,124,130],{},[52,119,120,123],{},[55,121,122],{},"IBM Open Plan:"," up to 10 minutes of runtime per rolling 28-day window. IBM has opened ibm_fez, ibm_marrakesh and ibm_kingston, three 156-qubit Heron processors, to Open Plan users. Open Plan instances sit in IBM's us-east region and run jobs and batches. Sessions need a paid plan.",[52,125,126,129],{},[55,127,128],{},"Open Quantum:"," $50 of compute every 90 days, as 25 Spark Credits. The credits work only on Public Compute, which routes jobs through qBitTensor Labs and a decentralized network, and they expire after 90 days. Open Quantum's machines are IonQ Forte, Rigetti Cepheus, IQM Emerald and Garnet, and AQT IBEX Q1.",[52,131,132,135],{},[55,133,134],{},"Qollab:"," every account gets 100 credits for IonQ Forte hardware every 30 days, and unspent credits lapse. The runner quotes each run before it spends, so start with a small shot count.",[15,137,138],{},[55,139,140],{},"With conditions:",[49,142,143,159,165,171,177],{},[52,144,145,148,149,153,154,158],{},[55,146,147],{},"IBM's one-time offer:"," 180 minutes over 12 months, then back to the standard 10. A non-trial account qualifies once it has used 20 minutes of runtime within a 12-month period. IBM's ",[25,150,152],{"href":151},"https:\u002F\u002Fquantum.cloud.ibm.com\u002Fdocs\u002Fen\u002Fguides\u002Fplans-overview","plans page"," calls the 180 minutes \"additional\"; its ",[25,155,157],{"href":156},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ibm.com\u002Fquantum\u002Fblog\u002Fopen-plan-updates","announcement"," sets the terms.",[52,160,161,164],{},[55,162,163],{},"Quantum Inspire:"," free for non-commercial use on QuTech's Tuna-5, Tuna-9 and Tuna-17 chips. A person approves each account.",[52,166,167,170],{},[55,168,169],{},"D-Wave's Leap Quantum LaunchPad:"," a three-month trial on D-Wave's annealers. You apply, and not every application is accepted.",[52,172,173,176],{},[55,174,175],{},"IonQ Research Credits:"," up to $10,000 in funding for academic researchers, by application.",[52,178,179,182],{},[55,180,181],{},"Qollab Grant Program:"," IonQ compute credits for open-source work on Qollab. Porting existing work or extending a Qollab project earns up to $10,000, and original work up to $20,000. The team reviews each submission, and the credits expire three months after they reach your account.",[15,184,185,188],{},[55,186,187],{},"Advertised, but offline:"," Alice & Bob offers one free QPU hour a month on its Boson 4 cat-qubit chip, through Google Cloud Marketplace. Boson 4 is offline for a lengthy maintenance operation.",[36,190,192],{"id":191},"a-first-hardware-job","A first hardware job",[194,195,197],"h3",{"id":196},"on-ibms-open-plan","On IBM's Open Plan",[15,199,200],{},"On IBM's Open Plan, you go from sign-up to a real machine without a payment or an application:",[202,203,204,212,215,222],"ol",{},[52,205,206,207,211],{},"Sign in to ",[25,208,210],{"href":209},"https:\u002F\u002Fquantum.cloud.ibm.com\u002F","IBM Quantum Platform"," with an IBM Cloud account and create an Open Plan instance in the us-east region. IBM Cloud asks a new account for a credit card to verify identity; the Open Plan itself costs nothing.",[52,213,214],{},"Generate an API key on the dashboard and copy your instance's CRN.",[52,216,217,218,34],{},"Install the SDK with ",[219,220,221],"code",{},"pip install qiskit qiskit-ibm-runtime",[52,223,224],{},"Save the key once, then run the code below.",[226,227,230],"code-block",{"name":228,"tag":229},"first_job.py","Python · Qiskit, IBM",[231,232,237],"pre",{"className":233,"code":234,"language":235,"meta":236,"style":236},"language-python shiki shiki-themes one-dark-pro","from qiskit import QuantumCircuit\nfrom qiskit.transpiler import generate_preset_pass_manager\nfrom qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService\nfrom qiskit_ibm_runtime.executor_sampler import Sampler\n\n# Once: QiskitRuntimeService.save_account(token=\"\u003Cyour-api-key>\", instance=\"\u003CCRN>\")\nservice = QiskitRuntimeService()\nbackend = service.least_busy(simulator=False, operational=True)\n\nqc = QuantumCircuit(2)\nqc.h(0)\nqc.cx(0, 1)\nqc.measure_all()\n\npm = generate_preset_pass_manager(backend=backend, optimization_level=1)\nisa_qc = pm.run(qc)             # rewrite the circuit for this machine's gates\n\njob = Sampler(mode=backend).run([isa_qc], shots=1000)\nprint(job.job_id())             # the job waits in IBM's queue\ncounts = job.result()[0].data.meas.get_counts()\nprint(counts)                   # mostly 00 and 11\n","python","",[219,238,239,258,271,284,297,304,311,328,369,374,392,408,427,437,442,472,492,497,533,551,578],{"__ignoreMap":236},[240,241,244,248,252,255],"span",{"class":242,"line":243},"line",1,[240,245,247],{"class":246},"seHd6","from",[240,249,251],{"class":250},"sn6KH"," qiskit ",[240,253,254],{"class":246},"import",[240,256,257],{"class":250}," QuantumCircuit\n",[240,259,261,263,266,268],{"class":242,"line":260},2,[240,262,247],{"class":246},[240,264,265],{"class":250}," qiskit.transpiler ",[240,267,254],{"class":246},[240,269,270],{"class":250}," generate_preset_pass_manager\n",[240,272,274,276,279,281],{"class":242,"line":273},3,[240,275,247],{"class":246},[240,277,278],{"class":250}," qiskit_ibm_runtime ",[240,280,254],{"class":246},[240,282,283],{"class":250}," QiskitRuntimeService\n",[240,285,287,289,292,294],{"class":242,"line":286},4,[240,288,247],{"class":246},[240,290,291],{"class":250}," qiskit_ibm_runtime.executor_sampler ",[240,293,254],{"class":246},[240,295,296],{"class":250}," Sampler\n",[240,298,300],{"class":242,"line":299},5,[240,301,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},true,"\n",[240,305,307],{"class":242,"line":306},6,[240,308,310],{"class":309},"sV9Aq","# Once: QiskitRuntimeService.save_account(token=\"\u003Cyour-api-key>\", instance=\"\u003CCRN>\")\n",[240,312,314,317,321,325],{"class":242,"line":313},7,[240,315,316],{"class":250},"service ",[240,318,320],{"class":319},"sjrmR","=",[240,322,324],{"class":323},"sVbv2"," QiskitRuntimeService",[240,326,327],{"class":250},"()\n",[240,329,331,334,336,339,342,345,349,351,355,358,361,363,366],{"class":242,"line":330},8,[240,332,333],{"class":250},"backend ",[240,335,320],{"class":319},[240,337,338],{"class":250}," service.",[240,340,341],{"class":323},"least_busy",[240,343,344],{"class":250},"(",[240,346,348],{"class":347},"s_ZVi","simulator",[240,350,320],{"class":319},[240,352,354],{"class":353},"sVC51","False",[240,356,357],{"class":250},", ",[240,359,360],{"class":347},"operational",[240,362,320],{"class":319},[240,364,365],{"class":353},"True",[240,367,368],{"class":250},")\n",[240,370,372],{"class":242,"line":371},9,[240,373,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,375,377,380,382,385,387,390],{"class":242,"line":376},10,[240,378,379],{"class":250},"qc ",[240,381,320],{"class":319},[240,383,384],{"class":323}," QuantumCircuit",[240,386,344],{"class":250},[240,388,389],{"class":353},"2",[240,391,368],{"class":250},[240,393,395,398,401,403,406],{"class":242,"line":394},11,[240,396,397],{"class":250},"qc.",[240,399,400],{"class":323},"h",[240,402,344],{"class":250},[240,404,405],{"class":353},"0",[240,407,368],{"class":250},[240,409,411,413,416,418,420,422,425],{"class":242,"line":410},12,[240,412,397],{"class":250},[240,414,415],{"class":323},"cx",[240,417,344],{"class":250},[240,419,405],{"class":353},[240,421,357],{"class":250},[240,423,424],{"class":353},"1",[240,426,368],{"class":250},[240,428,430,432,435],{"class":242,"line":429},13,[240,431,397],{"class":250},[240,433,434],{"class":323},"measure_all",[240,436,327],{"class":250},[240,438,440],{"class":242,"line":439},14,[240,441,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,443,445,448,450,453,455,458,460,463,466,468,470],{"class":242,"line":444},15,[240,446,447],{"class":250},"pm ",[240,449,320],{"class":319},[240,451,452],{"class":323}," generate_preset_pass_manager",[240,454,344],{"class":250},[240,456,457],{"class":347},"backend",[240,459,320],{"class":319},[240,461,462],{"class":250},"backend, ",[240,464,465],{"class":347},"optimization_level",[240,467,320],{"class":319},[240,469,424],{"class":353},[240,471,368],{"class":250},[240,473,475,478,480,483,486,489],{"class":242,"line":474},16,[240,476,477],{"class":250},"isa_qc ",[240,479,320],{"class":319},[240,481,482],{"class":250}," pm.",[240,484,485],{"class":323},"run",[240,487,488],{"class":250},"(qc)             ",[240,490,491],{"class":309},"# rewrite the circuit for this machine's gates\n",[240,493,495],{"class":242,"line":494},17,[240,496,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,498,500,503,505,508,510,513,515,518,520,523,526,528,531],{"class":242,"line":499},18,[240,501,502],{"class":250},"job ",[240,504,320],{"class":319},[240,506,507],{"class":323}," Sampler",[240,509,344],{"class":250},[240,511,512],{"class":347},"mode",[240,514,320],{"class":319},[240,516,517],{"class":250},"backend).",[240,519,485],{"class":323},[240,521,522],{"class":250},"([isa_qc], ",[240,524,525],{"class":347},"shots",[240,527,320],{"class":319},[240,529,530],{"class":353},"1000",[240,532,368],{"class":250},[240,534,536,539,542,545,548],{"class":242,"line":535},19,[240,537,538],{"class":319},"print",[240,540,541],{"class":250},"(job.",[240,543,544],{"class":323},"job_id",[240,546,547],{"class":250},"())             ",[240,549,550],{"class":309},"# the job waits in IBM's queue\n",[240,552,554,557,559,562,565,568,570,573,576],{"class":242,"line":553},20,[240,555,556],{"class":250},"counts ",[240,558,320],{"class":319},[240,560,561],{"class":250}," job.",[240,563,564],{"class":323},"result",[240,566,567],{"class":250},"()[",[240,569,405],{"class":353},[240,571,572],{"class":250},"].data.meas.",[240,574,575],{"class":323},"get_counts",[240,577,327],{"class":250},[240,579,581,583,586],{"class":242,"line":580},21,[240,582,538],{"class":319},[240,584,585],{"class":250},"(counts)                   ",[240,587,588],{"class":309},"# mostly 00 and 11\n",[15,590,591,592,595,596,599,600,603,604,599,607,610,611,614,615,618],{},"The code picks the least busy machine your instance can use and rewrites the circuit into that machine's native gates. It then sends 1,000 shots. ",[219,593,594],{},"job.result()"," waits until the job has run. On hardware, noise adds a few ",[219,597,598],{},"01"," and ",[219,601,602],{},"10"," results to the ",[219,605,606],{},"00",[219,608,609],{},"11",". The ",[219,612,613],{},"Sampler"," import is the one IBM introduced in qiskit-ibm-runtime 0.50, which marks the older ",[219,616,617],{},"from qiskit_ibm_runtime import Sampler"," as legacy.",[15,620,621,622,625,626,629,630,633,634,637,638,641],{},"To try the code first without spending minutes, install ",[219,623,624],{},"qiskit-aer",", import ",[219,627,628],{},"FakeFez"," from ",[219,631,632],{},"qiskit_ibm_runtime.fake_provider",", and replace the two ",[219,635,636],{},"service"," lines with ",[219,639,640],{},"backend = FakeFez()",". That runs a local copy of ibm_fez, with its noise, and needs no account.",[194,643,645],{"id":644},"on-the-other-clouds","On the other clouds",[15,647,648],{},"The other clouds change four things: the install, the sign-in, the device ID and the call that submits. These lines follow each cloud's own quickstart.",[650,651,652,674],"table",{},[653,654,655],"thead",{},[656,657,658,662,665,668,671],"tr",{},[659,660,661],"th",{},"Cloud",[659,663,664],{},"Install and sign in",[659,666,667],{},"Pick a machine",[659,669,670],{},"Submit and read",[659,672,673],{},"Free first run",[675,676,677,716,757],"tbody",{},[656,678,679,686,696,701,710],{},[680,681,682],"td",{},[25,683,685],{"href":684},"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.aws.amazon.com\u002Fbraket\u002Flatest\u002Fdeveloperguide\u002Fbraket-get-started-run-circuit.html","Amazon Braket",[680,687,688,691,692,695],{},[219,689,690],{},"pip install amazon-braket-sdk",". AWS credentials with the ",[219,693,694],{},"AmazonBraketFullAccess"," permission. Accept the third-party device terms once in the console",[680,697,698],{},[219,699,700],{},"AwsDevice(\"arn:aws:braket:us-west-1::device\u002Fqpu\u002Frigetti\u002FCepheus-1-108Q\")",[680,702,703,706,707],{},[219,704,705],{},"task = device.run(circuit, shots=1000)",", then ",[219,708,709],{},"task.result().measurement_counts",[680,711,712,715],{},[219,713,714],{},"LocalSimulator()"," runs on your machine at no cost",[656,717,718,724,735,740,748],{},[680,719,720],{},[25,721,723],{"href":722},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.microsoft.com\u002Fen-us\u002Fazure\u002Fquantum\u002Fhow-to-submit-jobs-python","Azure Quantum",[680,725,726,357,729,706,732],{},[219,727,728],{},"pip install \"qdk[azure,qiskit]\"",[219,730,731],{},"az login",[219,733,734],{},"Workspace(resource_id=\"...\")",[680,736,737],{},[219,738,739],{},"AzureQuantumProvider(workspace).get_backend(\"quantinuum.qpu.h2-1\")",[680,741,742,706,745],{},[219,743,744],{},"job = backend.run(circuit, shots=100)",[219,746,747],{},"job.result().get_counts(circuit)",[680,749,42,750,599,753,756],{},[219,751,752],{},"ionq.simulator",[219,754,755],{},"rigetti.sim.qvm"," targets cost nothing. The subscription and its storage account are still needed",[656,758,759,765,774,779,787],{},[680,760,761],{},[25,762,764],{"href":763},"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.ionq.com\u002Fsdks\u002Fqiskit\u002Findex.md","IonQ Quantum Cloud",[680,766,767,770,771],{},[219,768,769],{},"pip install qiskit-ionq",". An API key in ",[219,772,773],{},"IONQ_API_KEY",[680,775,776],{},[219,777,778],{},"IonQProvider().get_backend(\"qpu.forte-1\")",[680,780,781,706,784],{},[219,782,783],{},"job = backend.run(qc, shots=1000)",[219,785,786],{},"job.get_counts()",[680,788,42,789,791,792,795],{},[219,790,348],{}," backend, ideal or with ",[219,793,794],{},"noise_model=\"forte-1\"",". Hardware jobs are paid, once IonQ gives your project access and a budget",[194,797,799],{"id":798},"the-same-circuit-on-qollab","The same circuit on Qollab",[15,801,802],{},"On Qollab the backend is created for you, so the install, sign-in and device lines disappear. Qollab holds the IonQ account and key. You need a free Qollab account to run on hardware. IonQ is Qollab's hardware partner, and IonQ Forte is the only hardware Qollab reaches. The snippets above run in your own Python environment; this one runs in Qollab's playground.",[226,804,808],{"name":805,"tag":806,"no-picker":236,"run-href":807},"main.py","Python · Qiskit, on Qollab","\u002Fu\u002Fqollab\u002Fbell-state-qiskit",[231,809,811],{"className":233,"code":810,"language":235,"meta":236,"style":236},"# 'backend' is pre-created for you in the Qollab Playground.\nfrom qiskit import QuantumCircuit\n\nqc = QuantumCircuit(2, 2)\nqc.h(0)\nqc.cx(0, 1)\nqc.measure([0, 1], [0, 1])\n\njob = backend.run(qc, shots=1000)\ncounts = job.result().get_counts()\nprint(counts)                   # e.g. {'00': 491, '01': 2, '10': 6, '11': 501}\n",[219,812,813,818,828,832,850,862,878,906,910,932,949],{"__ignoreMap":236},[240,814,815],{"class":242,"line":243},[240,816,817],{"class":309},"# 'backend' is pre-created for you in the Qollab Playground.\n",[240,819,820,822,824,826],{"class":242,"line":260},[240,821,247],{"class":246},[240,823,251],{"class":250},[240,825,254],{"class":246},[240,827,257],{"class":250},[240,829,830],{"class":242,"line":273},[240,831,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,833,834,836,838,840,842,844,846,848],{"class":242,"line":286},[240,835,379],{"class":250},[240,837,320],{"class":319},[240,839,384],{"class":323},[240,841,344],{"class":250},[240,843,389],{"class":353},[240,845,357],{"class":250},[240,847,389],{"class":353},[240,849,368],{"class":250},[240,851,852,854,856,858,860],{"class":242,"line":299},[240,853,397],{"class":250},[240,855,400],{"class":323},[240,857,344],{"class":250},[240,859,405],{"class":353},[240,861,368],{"class":250},[240,863,864,866,868,870,872,874,876],{"class":242,"line":306},[240,865,397],{"class":250},[240,867,415],{"class":323},[240,869,344],{"class":250},[240,871,405],{"class":353},[240,873,357],{"class":250},[240,875,424],{"class":353},[240,877,368],{"class":250},[240,879,880,882,885,888,890,892,894,897,899,901,903],{"class":242,"line":313},[240,881,397],{"class":250},[240,883,884],{"class":323},"measure",[240,886,887],{"class":250},"([",[240,889,405],{"class":353},[240,891,357],{"class":250},[240,893,424],{"class":353},[240,895,896],{"class":250},"], [",[240,898,405],{"class":353},[240,900,357],{"class":250},[240,902,424],{"class":353},[240,904,905],{"class":250},"])\n",[240,907,908],{"class":242,"line":330},[240,909,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,911,912,914,916,919,921,924,926,928,930],{"class":242,"line":371},[240,913,502],{"class":250},[240,915,320],{"class":319},[240,917,918],{"class":250}," backend.",[240,920,485],{"class":323},[240,922,923],{"class":250},"(qc, ",[240,925,525],{"class":347},[240,927,320],{"class":319},[240,929,530],{"class":353},[240,931,368],{"class":250},[240,933,934,936,938,940,942,945,947],{"class":242,"line":376},[240,935,556],{"class":250},[240,937,320],{"class":319},[240,939,561],{"class":250},[240,941,564],{"class":323},[240,943,944],{"class":250},"().",[240,946,575],{"class":323},[240,948,327],{"class":250},[240,950,951,953,955],{"class":242,"line":394},[240,952,538],{"class":319},[240,954,585],{"class":250},[240,956,957],{"class":309},"# e.g. {'00': 491, '01': 2, '10': 6, '11': 501}\n",[15,959,960],{},"To run the Qollab example:",[202,962,963,970,975,986],{},[52,964,965,966,969],{},"Press ",[55,967,968],{},"Run on Qollab"," under the code. The project opens in a new tab.",[52,971,965,972,974],{},[55,973,968],{}," there. The Run dialog opens, headed Select QPU.",[52,976,977,978,981,982,985],{},"Under the remote simulators, pick ",[55,979,980],{},"IonQ Forte 1"," for a run with Forte's noise model. Signed out, the dialog marks it ",[55,983,984],{},"Credits apply","; the run still costs nothing.",[52,987,988],{},"To run on the machine itself, sign in. When IonQ reports its machines, the same dialog lists Forte 1 and Forte Enterprise 1 hardware, which spend credits.",[15,990,991,992,995],{},"Without an account you get one run. On IonQ, each run takes one job, so pass ",[219,993,994],{},"backend.run"," a single circuit. The playground needs a browser with WebAssembly JSPI: a recent Chrome, Edge or Opera, or Firefox 153 or later.",[36,997,999],{"id":998},"the-services-compared","The services compared",[194,1001,1003],{"id":1002},"sign-up-and-run","Sign up and run",[15,1005,1006,1007,1011],{},"Each service in this table lets anyone create an account and send a job to real hardware, without an application. Prices change often, so each row links the service's own rates. ",[25,1008,1010],{"href":1009},"\u002Fexplore\u002Fbuy-a-quantum-computer","Can you buy a quantum computer?"," prices two circuits across several of them.",[650,1013,1014,1033],{},[653,1015,1016],{},[656,1017,1018,1021,1024,1027,1030],{},[659,1019,1020],{},"Service",[659,1022,1023],{},"Hardware it reaches",[659,1025,1026],{},"What getting in takes",[659,1028,1029],{},"Free route",[659,1031,1032],{},"How it bills",[675,1034,1035,1058,1085,1108,1131,1151,1171,1190,1214],{},[656,1036,1037,1042,1045,1048,1051],{},[680,1038,1039],{},[25,1040,685],{"href":1041},"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.aws.amazon.com\u002Fbraket\u002Flatest\u002Fdeveloperguide\u002Fbraket-devices.html",[680,1043,1044],{},"AQT IBEX-Q1; IonQ Forte-1 and Forte-Enterprise-1; IQM Garnet and Emerald; QuEra Aquila; Rigetti Ankaa-3 and Cepheus-1-108Q",[680,1046,1047],{},"An AWS account that includes Braket (AWS's newer sign-up leaves it out until you activate advanced AWS features), Braket permissions, and a one-time agreement for third-party devices",[680,1049,1050],{},"The local simulator in the SDK",[680,1052,1053,1057],{},[25,1054,1056],{"href":1055},"https:\u002F\u002Faws.amazon.com\u002Fbraket\u002Fpricing\u002F","Per task plus per shot",", or hourly reservations",[656,1059,1060,1065,1068,1075,1078],{},[680,1061,1062],{},[25,1063,723],{"href":1064},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.microsoft.com\u002Fen-us\u002Fazure\u002Fquantum\u002Fqc-target-list",[680,1066,1067],{},"IonQ Forte 1 and Forte Enterprise 1, and Aria 1, which IonQ lists as retired; Pasqal FRESNEL and FRESNEL_CAN1; Quantinuum H2-1 and H2-2; Rigetti Cepheus-1-108Q",[680,1069,1070,1071],{},"An Azure subscription, a workspace and a storage account. Which providers you get depends on your ",[25,1072,1074],{"href":1073},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.microsoft.com\u002Fen-us\u002Fazure\u002Fquantum\u002Fprovider-global-availability","billing country",[680,1076,1077],{},"IonQ and Rigetti cloud simulators and Quantinuum syntax checkers. Azure Quantum Credits ended on 1 June 2025",[680,1079,1080,1084],{},[25,1081,1083],{"href":1082},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.microsoft.com\u002Fen-us\u002Fazure\u002Fquantum\u002Fpricing","By provider",": gate-shots with a minimum, subscriptions, execution time or QPU-hours, plus Azure storage",[656,1086,1087,1092,1095,1098,1101],{},[680,1088,1089],{},[25,1090,210],{"href":1091},"https:\u002F\u002Fquantum.cloud.ibm.com\u002Fcomputers",[680,1093,1094],{},"Heron processors of 156 qubits and Nighthawk processors of 120",[680,1096,1097],{},"An IBM Cloud account, an API key and an instance. Open Plan instances in us-east only",[680,1099,1100],{},"The Open Plan, and local testing mode",[680,1102,1103,1107],{},[25,1104,1106],{"href":1105},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ibm.com\u002Fquantum\u002Fpricing","Per second of QPU time"," on Pay-As-You-Go, minutes on Flex and Premium",[656,1109,1110,1116,1119,1122,1125],{},[680,1111,1112],{},[25,1113,1115],{"href":1114},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.openquantum.com\u002F","Open Quantum",[680,1117,1118],{},"IonQ Forte-1 and Forte Enterprise; Rigetti Cepheus-1-108Q; IQM Emerald and Garnet; AQT IBEX Q1",[680,1120,1121],{},"A free account, no credit card",[680,1123,1124],{},"$50 every 90 days on Public Compute",[680,1126,1127,1130],{},[25,1128,1056],{"href":1129},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.openquantum.com\u002Fpricing",". Public Compute costs half as much as Private",[656,1132,1133,1139,1142,1145,1148],{},[680,1134,1135],{},[25,1136,1138],{"href":1137},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ovhcloud.com\u002Fen\u002Fpublic-cloud\u002Fqpu\u002F","OVHcloud",[680,1140,1141],{},"Pasqal Orion Beta (FRESNEL and FRESNEL_CAN1); Quandela Belenos",[680,1143,1144],{},"An OVHcloud account and a Public Cloud project",[680,1146,1147],{},"Emulation credits through its startup program or free trial",[680,1149,1150],{},"Per second of QPU runtime",[656,1152,1153,1159,1162,1165,1168],{},[680,1154,1155],{},[25,1156,1158],{"href":1157},"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.pasqal.com\u002Fcloud\u002Fset-up\u002F","Pasqal Cloud",[680,1160,1161],{},"FRESNEL (France) and FRESNEL_CAN1 (Canada), analog",[680,1163,1164],{},"Pay-as-you-go through Google Cloud Marketplace, or a contract",[680,1166,1167],{},"The Explorer plan's free emulator, EMU_FREE",[680,1169,1170],{},"Google Cloud billing on Marketplace; under a contract, credits by the hour or the shot",[656,1172,1173,1179,1182,1184,1187],{},[680,1174,1175],{},[25,1176,1178],{"href":1177},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.qbraid.com\u002Fpricing","qBraid",[680,1180,1181],{},"AQT IBEX Q1; IonQ Forte-1 and Forte-Enterprise-1; IQM Emerald and Garnet; Pasqal FRESNEL; QuEra Aquila; Rigetti Cepheus-1-108Q",[680,1183,1121],{},[680,1185,1186],{},"Free simulators. Hardware jobs cost credits",[680,1188,1189],{},"Credits, at 100 to the dollar, at provider-set rates",[656,1191,1192,1198,1201,1204,1207],{},[680,1193,1194],{},[25,1195,1197],{"href":1196},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdocs\u002Fcompute-backends","Qollab",[680,1199,1200],{},"IonQ Forte 1 and Forte Enterprise 1",[680,1202,1203],{},"A free Qollab account. No IonQ account or SDK install",[680,1205,1206],{},"14 simulators, and 100 credits for hardware every 30 days",[680,1208,1209,1213],{},[25,1210,1212],{"href":1211},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdocs\u002Fhow-credits-work","Credits"," from the monthly allowance and the Grant Program, quoted before a run; there is no purchase",[656,1215,1216,1222,1225,1228,1231],{},[680,1217,1218],{},[25,1219,1221],{"href":1220},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scaleway.com\u002Fen\u002Fquantum-as-a-service\u002F","Scaleway",[680,1223,1224],{},"AQT IBEX; IQM Garnet, Emerald and Sirius; Pasqal FRESNEL and DISTRIQ; Quandela Ascella, Altair and Belenos",[680,1226,1227],{},"A Scaleway account, a project ID and an API key",[680,1229,1230],{},"Three Quandela emulators",[680,1232,1233],{},"Per shot, per hour of emulation, or by booking",[194,1235,1237],{"id":1236},"by-application-contract-or-approval","By application, contract or approval",[650,1239,1240,1252],{},[653,1241,1242],{},[656,1243,1244,1246,1249],{},[659,1245,1020],{},[659,1247,1248],{},"Hardware",[659,1250,1251],{},"How you get access",[675,1253,1254,1268,1291,1304,1318,1332,1346,1360],{},[656,1255,1256,1262,1265],{},[680,1257,1258],{},[25,1259,1261],{"href":1260},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aqt.eu\u002Fproducts\u002Fquantum-cloud\u002F","AQT ARNICA",[680,1263,1264],{},"IBEX Q1, 12 qubits",[680,1266,1267],{},"Through AQT's sales team. Pay-as-you-go jobs run in set weekday windows",[656,1269,1270,1276,1279],{},[680,1271,1272],{},[25,1273,1275],{"href":1274},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dwavequantum.com\u002Fsolutions-and-products\u002Fcloud-platform\u002F","D-Wave Leap",[680,1277,1278],{},"Advantage2 and Advantage annealers",[680,1280,1281,1282,1286,1287],{},"A sign-up gives a Trial Plan for demos, without the API token that submits your own problems. Hardware needs a paid plan or an accepted ",[25,1283,1285],{"href":1284},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dwavequantum.com\u002Fquantum-launchpad\u002F","LaunchPad"," application. Leap is open in ",[25,1288,1290],{"href":1289},"https:\u002F\u002Fsupport.dwavesys.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360051869733-From-What-Countries-Can-I-Access-D-Wave-s-Leap-Quantum-Cloud-Service","listed countries",[656,1292,1293,1298,1301],{},[680,1294,1295],{},[25,1296,764],{"href":1297},"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.ionq.com\u002Fuser-manual\u002Fbackends",[680,1299,1300],{},"Forte 1 and Forte Enterprise 1, 36 qubits each",[680,1302,1303],{},"A free direct account runs IonQ's cloud simulators; hardware access comes through IonQ's sales team. Through Google Cloud Marketplace, IonQ bills hardware jobs by gates and shots",[656,1305,1306,1312,1315],{},[680,1307,1308],{},[25,1309,1311],{"href":1310},"https:\u002F\u002Foqc.tech\u002Faccess\u002Foqc-cloud\u002F","OQC Cloud",[680,1313,1314],{},"Toshiko, 32 qubits",[680,1316,1317],{},"Email OQC to set up an account",[656,1319,1320,1326,1329],{},[680,1321,1322],{},[25,1323,1325],{"href":1324},"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.quantinuum.com\u002Fnexus\u002Fuser_guide\u002Fsign_up.html","Quantinuum Nexus",[680,1327,1328],{},"Helios-1, 98 qubits, for existing H2 customers; H2-1 and H2-2, 56 qubits each",[680,1330,1331],{},"Register your interest. Use is billed in HQCs, Quantinuum's job-cost unit, against a subscription",[656,1333,1334,1340,1343],{},[680,1335,1336],{},[25,1337,1339],{"href":1338},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.quera.com\u002Fpremium-access","QuEra",[680,1341,1342],{},"Aquila, 256 qubits, analog",[680,1344,1345],{},"Premium access by inquiry. Amazon Braket is QuEra's public route",[656,1347,1348,1354,1357],{},[680,1349,1350],{},[25,1351,1353],{"href":1352},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.quantum-inspire.com\u002Fbackends\u002F","Quantum Inspire",[680,1355,1356],{},"Tuna-5, Tuna-9 and Tuna-17",[680,1358,1359],{},"Free for non-commercial use, once a person approves your account",[656,1361,1362,1368,1371],{},[680,1363,1364],{},[25,1365,1367],{"href":1366},"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.rigetti.com\u002Fqcs\u002Fguides\u002Faccess-a-qpu\u002F","Rigetti QCS",[680,1369,1370],{},"Cepheus-1-108Q",[680,1372,1373],{},"Request an account through a form. On-demand jobs bill per microsecond of QPU time",[15,1375,1376],{},"IQM Resonance reaches IQM's Garnet, Emerald and Sirius. Quandela Cloud reaches Ascella and Belenos. Both take an account and an API token; check each maker's site for current plans.",[15,1378,1379],{},"Fujitsu offers its 256-qubit machine to companies and research institutions, by inquiry.",[15,1381,1382,1383,1387,1388,1392],{},"Origin Quantum Cloud and SPINQ Cloud are run from China. ",[25,1384,1386],{"href":1385},"https:\u002F\u002Fqcloud.originqc.com.cn\u002Fen\u002F","Origin Quantum Cloud"," reaches the 180-qubit Origin Wukong and says it serves users worldwide. ",[25,1389,1391],{"href":1390},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.spinq.com\u002Fen\u002Fproducts-services\u002Fquantum-computing-cloud-platform","SPINQ Cloud"," lists machines of 25, 3 and 2 qubits.",[36,1394,1396],{"id":1395},"machines-and-where-they-run","Machines and where they run",[15,1398,1399],{},"Qubit counts are as the maker states them, or as a cloud does where the maker's pages do not. A gate-based machine runs circuits. An analog machine runs a program for how its atoms evolve. An annealer solves optimization problems. Their qubit counts do not compare with a gate-based machine's.",[650,1401,1402,1421],{},[653,1403,1404],{},[656,1405,1406,1409,1412,1415,1418],{},[659,1407,1408],{},"Machine",[659,1410,1411],{},"Maker",[659,1413,1414],{},"Kind",[659,1416,1417],{},"Qubits",[659,1419,1420],{},"Where you can reach it",[675,1422,1423,1439,1455,1472,1489,1505,1519,1535,1552,1568,1583,1599,1614,1630,1645,1660],{},[656,1424,1425,1428,1431,1434,1437],{},[680,1426,1427],{},"Advantage2, Advantage",[680,1429,1430],{},"D-Wave",[680,1432,1433],{},"Annealing, superconducting",[680,1435,1436],{},"Advantage2: 4,400+",[680,1438,1275],{},[656,1440,1441,1444,1446,1449,1452],{},[680,1442,1443],{},"Aquila",[680,1445,1339],{},[680,1447,1448],{},"Analog, neutral atom",[680,1450,1451],{},"256",[680,1453,1454],{},"Amazon Braket, qBraid, QuEra",[656,1456,1457,1460,1463,1466,1469],{},[680,1458,1459],{},"Ascella, Altair, Belenos",[680,1461,1462],{},"Quandela",[680,1464,1465],{},"Gate-based, photonic",[680,1467,1468],{},"6, 10, 12",[680,1470,1471],{},"Ascella and Belenos: Quandela Cloud, Scaleway; Belenos also on OVHcloud. Altair: Scaleway",[656,1473,1474,1477,1480,1483,1486],{},[680,1475,1476],{},"Boson 4",[680,1478,1479],{},"Alice & Bob",[680,1481,1482],{},"Gate-based, superconducting cat qubits",[680,1484,1485],{},"1 cat qubit per backend",[680,1487,1488],{},"Felis Cloud on Google Cloud Marketplace (offline)",[656,1490,1491,1493,1496,1499,1502],{},[680,1492,1370],{},[680,1494,1495],{},"Rigetti",[680,1497,1498],{},"Gate-based, superconducting",[680,1500,1501],{},"108",[680,1503,1504],{},"Rigetti QCS, Amazon Braket, Azure Quantum, qBraid, Open Quantum, BlueQubit",[656,1506,1507,1510,1512,1514,1517],{},[680,1508,1509],{},"Ankaa-3",[680,1511,1495],{},[680,1513,1498],{},[680,1515,1516],{},"84",[680,1518,685],{},[656,1520,1521,1524,1527,1529,1532],{},[680,1522,1523],{},"FRESNEL, FRESNEL_CAN1",[680,1525,1526],{},"Pasqal",[680,1528,1448],{},[680,1530,1531],{},"100",[680,1533,1534],{},"Both on Pasqal Cloud, Azure Quantum, Google Cloud Marketplace, OVHcloud and Scaleway; FRESNEL also on qBraid. Scaleway lists Pasqal's FRESNEL and DISTRIQ",[656,1536,1537,1540,1543,1546,1549],{},[680,1538,1539],{},"Forte 1, Forte Enterprise 1",[680,1541,1542],{},"IonQ",[680,1544,1545],{},"Gate-based, trapped ion",[680,1547,1548],{},"36",[680,1550,1551],{},"IonQ Quantum Cloud, Google Cloud Marketplace, Amazon Braket, Azure Quantum, qBraid, Open Quantum, Qollab",[656,1553,1554,1557,1560,1562,1565],{},[680,1555,1556],{},"Garnet, Emerald, Sirius",[680,1558,1559],{},"IQM",[680,1561,1498],{},[680,1563,1564],{},"20, 54, Sirius 16 working of 24 (Scaleway's figure)",[680,1566,1567],{},"Garnet and Emerald: IQM Resonance, Amazon Braket, Scaleway, qBraid, Open Quantum. Sirius: IQM Resonance, Scaleway",[656,1569,1570,1573,1576,1578,1581],{},[680,1571,1572],{},"Heron, Nighthawk",[680,1574,1575],{},"IBM",[680,1577,1498],{},[680,1579,1580],{},"156, 120",[680,1582,210],{},[656,1584,1585,1588,1591,1593,1596],{},[680,1586,1587],{},"Helios-1",[680,1589,1590],{},"Quantinuum",[680,1592,1545],{},[680,1594,1595],{},"98",[680,1597,1598],{},"Quantinuum Nexus, for H2 customers",[656,1600,1601,1604,1606,1608,1611],{},[680,1602,1603],{},"H2-1, H2-2",[680,1605,1590],{},[680,1607,1545],{},[680,1609,1610],{},"56",[680,1612,1613],{},"Quantinuum Nexus, Azure Quantum",[656,1615,1616,1619,1622,1624,1627],{},[680,1617,1618],{},"IBEX Q1",[680,1620,1621],{},"AQT",[680,1623,1545],{},[680,1625,1626],{},"12",[680,1628,1629],{},"AQT ARNICA, Amazon Braket, Scaleway, qBraid, Open Quantum",[656,1631,1632,1635,1638,1640,1643],{},[680,1633,1634],{},"Toshiko",[680,1636,1637],{},"OQC",[680,1639,1498],{},[680,1641,1642],{},"32",[680,1644,1311],{},[656,1646,1647,1650,1653,1655,1658],{},[680,1648,1649],{},"Tuna-5, Tuna-9, Tuna-17",[680,1651,1652],{},"QuTech",[680,1654,1498],{},[680,1656,1657],{},"5, 9, 17",[680,1659,1353],{},[656,1661,1662,1665,1668,1670,1673],{},[680,1663,1664],{},"Wukong",[680,1666,1667],{},"Origin Quantum",[680,1669,1498],{},[680,1671,1672],{},"180",[680,1674,1675],{},"Origin Quantum Cloud; qBraid's SDK with an Origin key",[15,1677,1678],{},[55,1679,1680],{},"Makers without a public sign-up today:",[49,1682,1683,1689,1695,1701,1707],{},[52,1684,1685,1688],{},[55,1686,1687],{},"Google Quantum AI:"," Willow has 105 qubits. Google says \"No public access to the service is available at this time\"; its early access program for Willow went to selected researchers.",[52,1690,1691,1694],{},[55,1692,1693],{},"Atom Computing:"," its AC1000 is installed and operated on premises.",[52,1696,1697,1700],{},[55,1698,1699],{},"Infleqtion:"," cloud access to its Sqale computer is in private beta.",[52,1702,1703,1706],{},[55,1704,1705],{},"Microsoft:"," announced its Majorana 2 chip in June 2026. Azure Quantum lists no Microsoft hardware.",[52,1708,1709,1712],{},[55,1710,1711],{},"IonQ Tempo:"," a system with a target of 100 qubits, with cloud access listed for late 2026.",[36,1714,1716],{"id":1715},"retired-or-changed-since-2024","Retired or changed since 2024",[49,1718,1719,1725,1730,1735,1740,1745],{},[52,1720,1721,1724],{},[55,1722,1723],{},"Xanadu's Quantum Cloud"," is no longer available, Xanadu's documentation says.",[52,1726,1727,1729],{},[55,1728,1575],{}," removed the Lite Plan on 14 March 2025 and closed IBM Quantum Platform Classic on 1 July 2025. Its Eagle processors are retired. In July 2026 IBM renamed Qiskit Runtime to IBM Quantum Compute Service, with no code changes.",[52,1731,1732,1734],{},[55,1733,1542],{}," lists Aria 1, Aria 2 and Harmony as retired. Braket removed Aria-1 on 2 March 2026; Azure's target list still shows it.",[52,1736,1737,1739],{},[55,1738,1590],{}," retired H1-1 on 15 October 2025. It deprecated job submission through pytket-quantinuum, slated for removal by 30 November 2025.",[52,1741,1742,1744],{},[55,1743,685],{}," added AQT IBEX-Q1 in November 2025 and Rigetti Cepheus-1-108Q in April 2026.",[52,1746,1747,1749],{},[55,1748,723],{}," has supported four regions since 30 September 2025. Microsoft announced that workspaces in the other regions would be deleted.",[36,1751,1753],{"id":1752},"questions-people-ask","Questions people ask",[1755,1756,1758],"faq-item",{"q":1757},"What is quantum computing as a service?",[15,1759,1760,1761,34],{},"Quantum computing as a service (QCaaS) is access to quantum hardware and simulators over the internet, paid by use or by subscription. You write the program on your own machine and pay for the hardware time it uses. Most services on this page sell it, and several have a ",[25,1762,1763],{"href":61},"free route",[1755,1765,1767],{"q":1766},"What is quantum computing in cloud computing?",[15,1768,1769],{},"Quantum computing in cloud computing means quantum hardware offered inside a general cloud. Amazon Braket on AWS and Azure Quantum on Microsoft Azure list quantum processors and simulators next to ordinary servers. A quantum job then uses the same account, permissions and billing as your other cloud resources. On Braket, the results also land in an S3 bucket.",[1755,1771,1773],{"q":1772},"Can I use a real quantum computer for free?",[15,1774,1775,1776,1778],{},"Yes. IBM's Open Plan gives up to 10 minutes per rolling 28-day window on its Heron processors. Open Quantum gives $50 of compute every 90 days, and every Qollab account gets 100 credits for IonQ Forte every 30 days. ",[25,1777,62],{"href":61}," lists the terms and the conditional offers.",[1755,1780,1782],{"q":1781},"Is Google's quantum computer available in the cloud?",[15,1783,1784],{},"Not publicly. Google says access to its Quantum Computing Service is granted to an approved list, and that no public access is available. Willow's early access went to selected researchers. Google Cloud Marketplace does sell other companies' quantum services: IonQ, Pasqal and Alice & Bob.",[1755,1786,1788],{"q":1787},"Which companies offer quantum cloud computing?",[15,1789,1790,1791,1793],{},"Makers that run clouds for their own machines include IBM, IonQ, Quantinuum, D-Wave, Rigetti, IQM, Pasqal, AQT, OQC and Quandela. Amazon, Microsoft, Scaleway and OVHcloud resell several makers' machines, and qBraid and Open Quantum route jobs to them. The ",[25,1792,46],{"href":45}," shows which clouds reach each machine.",[36,1795,1797],{"id":1796},"a-snapshot-october-2026","A snapshot, October 2026",[15,1799,1800],{},"Every service, machine and term on this page was read on the vendors' own pages between 14 and 21 October 2026. Devices join and leave clouds, and free offers start and end, from month to month. Check the linked page before you plan around it. Where a vendor's own pages disagree, this page follows its device or target list.",[15,1802,1803,1804,1806],{},"The IBM code ran on 21 October 2026 against ",[219,1805,628],{},", IBM's local copy of ibm_fez. The Braket submit and result lines ran on Braket's local simulator. Versions: qiskit 2.6.0, qiskit-ibm-runtime 0.50.0, qiskit-aer 0.18.0 and amazon-braket-sdk 1.127.3.post0. The Azure and IonQ lines follow their documentation. The Qollab example ran on qollab.xyz the same day.",[36,1808,1810],{"id":1809},"related","Related",[49,1812,1813,1818,1823,1829,1834],{},[52,1814,1815],{},[25,1816,1817],{"href":1009},"Can you buy a quantum computer? What one costs, and how to run one free",[52,1819,1820],{},[25,1821,1822],{"href":108},"Free quantum computer simulators you can use today",[52,1824,1825],{},[25,1826,1828],{"href":1827},"\u002Fexplore\u002Fquantum-programming-languages","Quantum programming languages and SDKs, compared",[52,1830,1831],{},[25,1832,1833],{"href":1196},"Compute backends",[52,1835,1836],{},[25,1837,1839],{"href":1838},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdocs\u002Fbefore-you-spend-credits","Before you spend credits",[1841,1842,1843],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .seHd6, html code.shiki .seHd6{--shiki-default:#C678DD}html pre.shiki code .sn6KH, html code.shiki .sn6KH{--shiki-default:#ABB2BF}html pre.shiki code .sV9Aq, html code.shiki .sV9Aq{--shiki-default:#7F848E;--shiki-default-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sjrmR, html code.shiki .sjrmR{--shiki-default:#56B6C2}html pre.shiki code .sVbv2, html code.shiki .sVbv2{--shiki-default:#61AFEF}html pre.shiki code .s_ZVi, html code.shiki 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var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}",{"title":236,"searchDepth":260,"depth":260,"links":1845},[1846,1847,1848,1853,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861],{"id":38,"depth":260,"text":39},{"id":102,"depth":260,"text":62},{"id":191,"depth":260,"text":192,"children":1849},[1850,1851,1852],{"id":196,"depth":273,"text":197},{"id":644,"depth":273,"text":645},{"id":798,"depth":273,"text":799},{"id":998,"depth":260,"text":999,"children":1854},[1855,1856],{"id":1002,"depth":273,"text":1003},{"id":1236,"depth":273,"text":1237},{"id":1395,"depth":260,"text":1396},{"id":1715,"depth":260,"text":1716},{"id":1752,"depth":260,"text":1753},{"id":1796,"depth":260,"text":1797},{"id":1809,"depth":260,"text":1810},[1197,1863,1864],"Explore","Quantum cloud computing",[],{"username":7,"name":1867,"role":1868,"avatar":1869},"Nicolaas Spijker","Community manager, Qollab","\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fbuilders\u002Fnicolaas-spijker.webp",null,"Send your first job to a real quantum computer: which cloud reaches which machine, what each asks of you, and where hardware time is free.","Which quantum computers you can reach on Amazon Braket, Azure, IBM and the makers’ own clouds, where hardware time is free, and how to send a first job.",false,"md","article",{},"\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fquantum-cloud-computing\u002Fog.png","\u002Fblog\u002Fquantum-cloud-computing","2026-10-21","13 min read",[],"guides",{"title":1884,"description":1872},"Quantum Cloud Computing Services Compared for 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are quantum computers used for today?",[7],{"type":9,"value":3221,"toc":4138},[3222,3230,3234,3237,3240,3382,3390,3393,3401,3404,3417,3429,3435,3443,3447,3450,3458,3480,3487,3495,3498,3506,3509,3512,3515,3520,3528,3531,3534,3541,3544,3547,3555,3558,3564,3571,3574,3586,3589,3592,3595,3603,3606,3609,3652,3656,3664,3669,3674,3681,3684,3687,3690,3693,3705,3713,3720,3723,3726,3734,3737,3763,3771,3779,3786,3789,3792,3795,3821,3831,3839,3846,3849,3857,3870,3875,3878,4055,4058,4061,4064,4067,4073,4080,4095,4097,4103,4109,4118,4120],[12,3223,3224,3227],{},[15,3225,3226],{},"Today, quantum computers run chemistry and optimization methods at small scale, along with experiments in cryptography, randomness and physics. People also use them for teaching and creative work.",[15,3228,3229],{},"Two uses lead the researchers' lists cited below: simulating molecules and materials, and breaking RSA and elliptic-curve keys. Both become possible on large machines that correct their own errors. Several hardware makers target error-corrected machines for 2028 to 2030, a step toward the scale these uses need. DARPA is testing whether any approach can reach economic utility by 2033.",[36,3231,3233],{"id":3232},"where-each-use-stands-today","Where each use stands today",[15,3235,3236],{},"Most uses on this page run today, at small scale. A chemist can model a hydrogen molecule, a developer can factor 15 with Shor's algorithm, and a student can watch error correction work. The versions a chemist or a bank would pay for need much larger machines that correct their own errors. Hardware makers are building toward them.",[15,3238,3239],{},"Error correction groups many physical qubits into one more reliable logical qubit and fixes errors during the run. Machines that do this at scale are called fault-tolerant.",[650,3241,3242,3255],{},[653,3243,3244],{},[656,3245,3246,3249,3252],{},[659,3247,3248],{},"Use",[659,3250,3251],{},"What runs today",[659,3253,3254],{},"What comes next",[675,3256,3257,3271,3285,3299,3313,3327,3341,3355,3369],{},[656,3258,3259,3265,3268],{},[680,3260,3261],{},[25,3262,3264],{"href":3263},"#chemistry-and-materials","Chemistry and materials",[680,3266,3267],{},"Molecules such as H2 and LiH, a few qubits",[680,3269,3270],{},"Fault-tolerant machines; some chemistry benchmarks need millions of physical qubits",[656,3272,3273,3279,3282],{},[680,3274,3275],{},[25,3276,3278],{"href":3277},"#cryptography","Breaking public-key cryptography",[680,3280,3281],{},"Factoring 15 or 21",[680,3283,3284],{},"A large fault-tolerant machine",[656,3286,3287,3293,3296],{},[680,3288,3289],{},[25,3290,3292],{"href":3291},"#optimization-and-logistics","Optimization and logistics",[680,3294,3295],{},"Problems of 16 to 25 variables",[680,3297,3298],{},"Testing whether a speedup holds up in practice",[656,3300,3301,3307,3310],{},[680,3302,3303],{},[25,3304,3306],{"href":3305},"#finance","Finance",[680,3308,3309],{},"Option pricing on a few qubits",[680,3311,3312],{},"The same speedup test as optimization",[656,3314,3315,3321,3324],{},[680,3316,3317],{},[25,3318,3320],{"href":3319},"#machine-learning","Machine learning",[680,3322,3323],{},"Small classifiers that match classical ones",[680,3325,3326],{},"Testing for an edge on real data",[656,3328,3329,3335,3338],{},[680,3330,3331],{},[25,3332,3334],{"href":3333},"#physics-experiments","Physics experiments",[680,3336,3337],{},"Advantage experiments under public test",[680,3339,3340],{},"Independent checks and better qubits",[656,3342,3343,3349,3352],{},[680,3344,3345],{},[25,3346,3348],{"href":3347},"#music","Music",[680,3350,3351],{},"Circuits turned into sound",[680,3353,3354],{},"Bigger pieces as the hardware matures",[656,3356,3357,3363,3366],{},[680,3358,3359],{},[25,3360,3362],{"href":3361},"#art","Art",[680,3364,3365],{},"Artworks driven by measurements and entanglement",[680,3367,3368],{},"Already running",[656,3370,3371,3377,3380],{},[680,3372,3373],{},[25,3374,3376],{"href":3375},"#teaching","Teaching",[680,3378,3379],{},"Tools that make superposition and entanglement visible",[680,3381,3368],{},[15,3383,3384,3385,3389],{},"The projects run in a recent Chrome, Edge or Opera, or in Firefox 153 or later. ",[25,3386,3388],{"href":3387},"#run-the-projects","Run the projects"," covers sign-in and limits.",[36,3391,3264],{"id":3392},"chemistry-and-materials",[15,3394,3395,3396,3400],{},"Molecules are quantum systems, so a quantum computer is a natural tool for modelling them. Chemistry and materials top ",[25,3397,3399],{"href":3398},"https:\u002F\u002Fcacm.acm.org\u002Fresearch\u002Fdisentangling-hype-from-practicality-on-realistically-achieving-quantum-advantage\u002F","Hoefler, Häner and Troyer's 2023 analysis"," of likely uses. The input is small, and the speedup could be exponential.",[15,3402,3403],{},"The classic test case is nitrogenase, the enzyme some bacteria use to turn nitrogen from the air into ammonia. It works at room temperature and normal pressure. Chemists would like to understand it well enough to engineer better versions. Simulating its metal core, FeMoco, became the standard benchmark for chemistry on quantum computers.",[15,3405,3406,3407,3411,3412,3416],{},"That simulation would take 4.5 million physical qubits running for 8.6 hours, ",[25,3408,3410],{"href":3409},"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F2502.15882","Low and colleagues estimated in 2025",". It assumes a 0.1% physical error rate and 1 µs error-correction cycles. In 2026 a classical method reached chemical accuracy on the same benchmark model, as ",[25,3413,3415],{"href":3414},"https:\u002F\u002Fquantumfrontiers.com\u002F2026\u002F03\u002F12\u002Fthe-femo-cofactor-and-classical-and-quantum-computing\u002F","Garnet Chan describes",". Chan also notes that a better enzyme would take much more than knowing these energies.",[15,3418,3419,3423,3424,3428],{},[25,3420,3422],{"href":3421},"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F2502.17368","Preskill (2025)"," expects materials to come first, on machines of about 100 logical qubits. He also writes that he \"can't promise\" commercial applications. A ",[25,3425,3427],{"href":3426},"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F2508.20972","2025 preprint"," led by MIT FutureTech projects economic advantage in the mid-2030s, for one class of chemistry algorithms. Several of its co-authors are from Accenture, which sells quantum consulting.",[15,3430,3431,3434],{},[55,3432,3433],{},"Run it:"," facumrb's project estimates the lowest energy of small textbook models of H2 (2 qubits) and LiH (4 qubits). It uses the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE). VQE adjusts a circuit's settings to bring its measured average energy as low as it can. Pick the built-in simulator: the project's IonQ path does not run on Qollab.",[3436,3437],"project-card",{"description":3438,"owner":3439,"thumb":3440,"title":3441,"to":3442},"Press Run and it re-measures one stored H2 answer. Our 8-second run read −1.1383 hartree against an exact −1.1362, a gap close to the shot noise it reports. Its README sweeps 24 bond lengths. Starting each from the last answer needed at least 60.6% fewer energy evaluations for LiH than random starts.","facumrb","\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fvqe-continuous-initialization\u002Fscreenshot.webp","Continuous parameter initialization in molecular dissociation with VQE","\u002Fu\u002Ffacumrb\u002Fcontinuous-parameter-initializ",[36,3444,3446],{"id":3445},"cryptography","Cryptography",[15,3448,3449],{},"RSA and elliptic-curve keys help protect today's networks. Shor's algorithm could recover the private key behind one of these public keys, given a large enough fault-tolerant machine. Agencies call the risk \"harvest now, decrypt later\": traffic recorded today could be decrypted once such a machine exists.",[15,3451,3452,3453,3457],{},"A machine with under a million noisy qubits could factor a 2048-bit RSA key in under a week, ",[25,3454,3456],{"href":3455},"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F2505.15917","Gidney estimated in 2025",". His 2019 estimate, with Ekerå, was 20 million qubits. Today's demonstrations of Shor's algorithm factor numbers like 15.",[15,3459,3460,3461,357,3465,3469,3470,3474,3475,3479],{},"Governments have set or proposed deadlines for moving to post-quantum cryptography (PQC), new algorithms that resist Shor's algorithm. The migration deadlines fall between 2030 and 2035, with planning milestones earlier. The sources are ",[25,3462,3464],{"href":3463},"https:\u002F\u002Fcsrc.nist.gov\u002Fpubs\u002Fir\u002F8547\u002Fipd","NIST's November 2024 draft",[25,3466,3468],{"href":3467},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.whitehouse.gov\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2026\u002F06\u002Feo-14412.pdf","US Executive Order 14412",", the ",[25,3471,3473],{"href":3472},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncsc.gov.uk\u002Fguidance\u002Fpqc-migration-timelines","UK's NCSC guidance"," and the ",[25,3476,3478],{"href":3477},"https:\u002F\u002Fdigital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\u002Fen\u002Flibrary\u002Fcoordinated-implementation-roadmap-transition-post-quantum-cryptography","EU's coordinated roadmap",". None of these deadlines forecasts when RSA breaks.",[3436,3481],{"description":3482,"owner":3483,"thumb":3484,"title":3485,"to":3486},"Press Run and it factors 15 into 3 × 5 in about 12 seconds. Each run draws a random base, and some bases give no factors. The sample sends a single 12-qubit circuit. Signed in, you can also send it to IonQ's Forte quantum computers for credits.","qollab","\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fshors-algorithm\u002Fscreenshot.webp","Shor's Semiprime Factorization","\u002Fu\u002Fqollab\u002Fshors",[15,3488,3489,3490,3494],{},"Two related uses work today, and neither breaks codes. The first is certified randomness: random bits for cryptographic use that a quantum computer generates and classical computers then check. In 2025, JPMorgan Chase, Quantinuum and US Department of Energy labs made about 70,000 of them on Quantinuum's 56-qubit machine. Supercomputers including Frontier and Summit checked them. It is \"not yet good enough for high-stakes cryptographic applications\", writes ",[25,3491,3493],{"href":3492},"https:\u002F\u002Fscottaaronson.blog\u002F?p=8746","Aaronson",", a co-author.",[15,3496,3497],{},"The second is quantum key distribution, where an eavesdropper leaves a measurable trace. The BB84 and E91 Protocol project below runs a page called Catch Eve. It builds on work by Laura Ruiz-Arango and Nestor Mendoza-Rueda.",[3436,3499],{"description":3500,"owner":3501,"thumb":3502,"title":3503,"to":3504,"builder":3505},"Press Run and one 17-qubit circuit tests BB84 error detection and an E91-style Bell test. Eve taps a varying share of the shots. In our 10-second run neither alarm tripped with Eve absent; the BB84 alarm trips when the error rate passes 11%.","estebanrs","\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fbb84-and-e91-protocol\u002Fscreenshot.webp","BB84 and E91 Protocol","\u002Fu\u002Festebanrs\u002Fbb84-and-e91-protocol","Esteban Roberto Saiz and Jonatan David Rodas Piedrahita",[36,3507,3292],{"id":3508},"optimization-and-logistics",[15,3510,3511],{},"Optimization means choosing the best of a huge number of options, such as schedules. A bus depot has to charge its fleet overnight, while the grid's carbon intensity and price change hour by hour. A road authority has to finish a backlog of repairs without closing two roads that together force a long detour. Problems like these attract many quantum proposals, and researchers are testing whether a quantum speedup holds up in practice.",[15,3513,3514],{},"Some quantum optimization algorithms offer a quadratic speedup in theory, for some problems. A search that takes a million steps classically would take about a thousand. That gain may not be enough. Hoefler, Häner and Troyer compared an optimistic future quantum computer with a single classical chip. With only a quadratic speedup, the quantum computer needed months of running to come out ahead.",[15,3516,3517,3519],{},[55,3518,3433],{}," kerem's project plans one night of charging for three model electric vehicles, in six two-hour blocks, on grid data measured in the Netherlands. It uses QAOA, a circuit whose settings are trained so that it samples good schedules more often. The charging plan is a 16-qubit problem with 500 valid schedules. The project then plans a 100-bus depot with a classical solver.",[3436,3521],{"description":3522,"owner":3523,"thumb":3524,"title":3525,"to":3526,"builder":3527},"Press Run and the project simulates its circuits in its own code; our run took 36 seconds. The trained circuit sampled near-optimal schedules 2.8 times as often as its untrained start. Its best sample matched the exact optimum.","kerem","\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fcarbon-aware-charging\u002Fscreenshot.webp","Carbon-Aware Charging for an Electric Bus Depot with QAOA","\u002Fu\u002Fkerem\u002Fcarbon-aware-charging-for-an-e","Kerem Yurtseven",[15,3529,3530],{},"sergey_gris's project schedules ten road-maintenance jobs for two crews to finish as fast as possible. Some pairs of jobs cannot run together. Closing both roads would cut off a trip from a bridge to a hospital, or slow its fastest route by more than 20%.",[15,3532,3533],{},"The problem, built from a real OpenStreetMap road network, has 25 variables. Only 1,216 of its roughly 33.6 million possible answers are valid schedules. About 1% of ideal QAOA samples land on one.",[3436,3535],{"description":3536,"owner":3537,"thumb":3538,"title":3539,"to":3540},"Written for Qollab's IonQ simulators. Our run on the IonQ Forte 1 noise-model simulator took about 23 minutes for 5,000 shots, the longest here. Of its samples, 0.52% were valid schedules, about half the ideal rate. Signed out, the dialog marks the IonQ simulator rows “Credits apply”, but the run costs nothing.","sergey_gris","\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Froad-closure-planning\u002Fscreenshot.webp","Road-Maintenance Scheduling with QAOA","\u002Fu\u002Fsergey_gris\u002Froad-closure-planning",[36,3542,3306],{"id":3543},"finance",[15,3545,3546],{},"Banks price many options by Monte Carlo. They simulate thousands of possible futures under a pricing model and average the discounted payoff. In theory, amplitude estimation reaches the same precision with quadratically fewer samples.",[15,3548,3549,3550,3554],{},"Banks have published research demos of option pricing and other finance tasks. Those methods face the same speedup test as optimization. ",[25,3551,3553],{"href":3552},"\u002Fexplore\u002Ffinance","What quantum computing can do in finance"," collects them.",[15,3556,3557],{},"Amplitude estimation makes its estimate more precise by repeating a circuit block called a Grover step. Without noise, The Quadratic Bet's README reports, it becomes more precise than Monte Carlo after about 900 evaluations. With the noise of an IBM device model, the signal fades with each step until the modelled advantage disappears. The README puts the bar at about 98.8% of the signal kept per circuit call. Above that, amplitude estimation beats Monte Carlo at about 52,000 evaluations.",[3559,3560],"blog-figure",{"alt":3561,"caption":3562,"src":3563},"Log-log chart of option price error against the number of model evaluations, from 100 to 100,000. The Monte Carlo line falls slowly. The ideal amplitude estimation line falls faster and crosses below it. The amplitude estimation line with IBM Kingston noise flattens and stays above Monte Carlo.","The Quadratic Bet's scaling chart, with its recorded IBM Kingston noise-model run selected. Orange: Monte Carlo. Solid blue: ideal amplitude estimation. Dashed blue: amplitude estimation with that run's noise. Dots: that run's price errors, filled for the noise-aware estimate and hollow for the textbook one.","\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fwhat-are-quantum-computers-used-for\u002Fquadratic-bet-scaling.webp",[3436,3565],{"description":3566,"owner":3567,"thumb":3568,"title":3569,"to":3570},"Press Run and it prices a three-month option two ways: classical Monte Carlo, and amplitude estimation on 4-qubit circuits. Our run finished in 10 seconds.","KanhaQAI","\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fquadratic-bet\u002Fscreenshot.webp","The Quadratic Bet: Quantum Option Pricing, Noise Included","\u002Fu\u002FKanhaQAI\u002Fthe-quadratic-bet-quantum-opti",[36,3572,3320],{"id":3573},"machine-learning",[15,3575,3576,3577,3581,3582,3585],{},"Quantum computers suit big computations on small data sets, because loading data into one is slow, as the same 2023 analysis argues. ",[25,3578,3580],{"href":3579},"https:\u002F\u002Fscottaaronson.blog\u002F?p=9425","Aaronson (2025)"," expects \"eventually ",[240,3583,3584],{},"..."," some modest benefits\" from machine learning and optimization.",[15,3587,3588],{},"Zhor Benhafid and Mounira Chaiani tested whether quantum machine learning can screen voice recordings for a voice disorder. Their project, QDysphonia, uses a quantum kernel. The kernel scores how alike two recordings are once each is encoded as a quantum state, one circuit per pair.",[15,3590,3591],{},"Across 10 folds of 1,569 recordings, its 9-qubit kernel classifier scored an AUC of 0.820 against 0.818 for a tuned classical one. On the AUC scale, 0.5 means guessing and 1 means perfect. The project's own test finds no significant difference (p = 0.49).",[15,3593,3594],{},"On a quantum computer, each kernel entry becomes an estimate from measured shots, as in the project's live step. The open question is whether quantum kernels beat classical ones on real data.",[3436,3596],{"description":3597,"owner":3598,"thumb":3599,"title":3600,"to":3601,"builder":3602},"Press Run and it prints the saved 10-fold results, then measures 390 kernel circuits live. In our 16-second run they matched the exact kernel with a correlation of 0.992.","mounira","\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fqdysphonia\u002Fscreenshot.webp","QDysphonia","\u002Fu\u002Fmounira\u002Fqdysphonia","Zhor Benhafid and Mounira Chaiani",[36,3604,3334],{"id":3605},"physics-experiments",[15,3607,3608],{},"A claim of quantum advantage says that a quantum computer beat every classical method on a task. Recent claims include physics experiments and circuit benchmarks. They are scientific experiments. In early 2025, Preskill noted that no commercial application of today's machines had yet shown a quantum advantage. These three are being tested in public:",[49,3610,3611,3626,3637],{},[52,3612,3613,3616,3617,3620,3621,3625],{},[55,3614,3615],{},"Google Quantum Echoes"," (October 2025): no classical reproduction yet. ",[25,3618,3493],{"href":3619},"https:\u002F\u002Fscottaaronson.blog\u002F?p=9949"," called it a strong candidate in July 2026. A ",[25,3622,3624],{"href":3623},"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F2607.07530","preprint by Hagar"," that month questions how it was validated.",[52,3627,3628,3631,3632,3636],{},[55,3629,3630],{},"IBM's advantage tracker"," (a 2025 circuit benchmark): by February 2026, in ",[25,3633,3635],{"href":3634},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ibm.com\u002Fquantum\u002Fblog\u002Fquantum-advantage-tracker","IBM's own words",", \"new classical methods dramatically changed the picture\".",[52,3638,3639,3641,3642,3646,3647,3651],{},[55,3640,1430],{}," (March 2025, magnetic materials): a ",[25,3643,3645],{"href":3644},"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F2503.05693","May 2026 Science paper"," matched its lattice results classically, which D-Wave disputes. A ",[25,3648,3650],{"href":3649},"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F2609.01719","September 2026 preprint"," matched one of its biclique instances.",[36,3653,3655],{"id":3654},"error-correction","Error correction",[15,3657,3658,3659,3663],{},"A bigger error-correcting code corrects more errors, as long as each qubit's error rate stays below a threshold. Above it, the extra qubits add more errors than they fix. Every fault-tolerance target in ",[25,3660,3662],{"href":3661},"#the-next-few-years","The next few years"," depends on physical error rates below the threshold of its code.",[3559,3665],{"alt":3666,"caption":3667,"src":3668},"Log-log plot of logical error rate against physical error rate for repetition codes of distance 3, 5 and 7. At low physical error rates the distance-7 curve is lowest; the curves cross near 0.103, and above that the distance-7 curve is highest.","Below Threshold's simulation, under one noise model. Below a physical error rate of about 10%, the bigger codes make fewer logical errors. Above it, they make more.","\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fwhat-are-quantum-computers-used-for\u002Fbelow-threshold-plot.webp",[15,3670,3671,3673],{},[55,3672,3433],{}," aelhalwagi's Below Threshold includes a game where you try to out-decode its decoder. It uses bit-flip repetition codes of distance 3, 5 and 7. In its simulations, under one noise model, adding qubits helps below a physical error rate of about 10.3% and hurts above it. Repetition codes do not protect against phase errors.",[3436,3675],{"description":3676,"owner":3677,"thumb":3678,"title":3679,"to":3680},"Written for the built-in simulator. Its live experiment compares distances 3 and 5 at error rates of 3% and 20%. In our 37-second run, the distance-5 code beat distance 3 at 3% and lost to it at 20%. Both margins were about three standard errors.","aelhalwagi","\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fbelow-threshold\u002Fscreenshot.webp","Below Threshold","\u002Fu\u002Faelhalwagi\u002Fbelow-threshold",[36,3682,3348],{"id":3683},"music",[15,3685,3686],{},"Quantum computer music turns a circuit's output into sound. People are good at hearing structure, so a change in a circuit becomes something you notice by ear.",[15,3688,3689],{},"Musiq, a browser studio by Tomoya Hatanaka and Emmanuella Adams, shows how with the simplest entangled circuit, a Bell state. A Hadamard gate puts the first qubit in superposition. A CNOT then entangles the second qubit with it. Ideally the two always agree when measured: the pair comes out 00 or 11, about half the time each.",[15,3691,3692],{},"Musiq maps each outcome to a note, and how often it appears to that note's strength. Amplitudes set loudness, and phases set how the tones interfere. A Bell state's sound is built from two tones of about equal strength. Other circuits sound different: interference-heavy circuits give dense, irregular textures, and quantum walks drift through slowly changing tones.",[15,3694,3695,3696,3700,3701,34],{},"With noise, a few 01 and 10 outcomes appear too. The project drops any outcome at or under 5% of the shots before it becomes sound. You can ",[25,3697,3699],{"href":3698},"https:\u002F\u002Fmusiquantum.vercel.app\u002F","try the studio"," in a browser, or read ",[25,3702,3704],{"href":3703},"\u002Fexplore\u002Fmusiq","the showcase",[3436,3706],{"description":3707,"owner":3708,"thumb":3709,"title":3710,"to":3711,"builder":3712},"Its Qollab project runs the Bell circuit whose counts Musiq turns into sound. Pick an IonQ simulator: on the built-in one it stops at an IonQ-only call. Our run on the IonQ Forte 1 noise model took about 1 minute 40 seconds. Of 100 shots, 52 read 00 and 47 read 11.","doraking","\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fmusiq\u002Fscreenshot.webp","Musiq","\u002Fu\u002Fdoraking\u002Fmusiq","Tomoya Hatanaka and Emmanuella Adams",[15,3714,3715,3719],{},[25,3716,3718],{"href":3717},"\u002Fexplore\u002Fmusic","What does a quantum computer sound like?"," covers two more projects: live-coded patterns and a playable sequencer.",[36,3721,3362],{"id":3722},"art",[15,3724,3725],{},"Quantum art is art made with a quantum computer. The machine runs a circuit, and what the circuit returns decides what you see.",[15,3727,3728,3729,3733],{},"Xinyi Zhang's Quantum Butterfly Field stages a result called the anti-butterfly effect. In a classical chaotic system, small damage cascades: a butterfly flaps its wings and a tornado follows. In a quantum system, information scrambled across many qubits lives in their correlations, so local damage can be undone. ",[25,3730,3732],{"href":3731},"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F2003.07267","Yan and Sinitsyn"," described the effect in 2020.",[15,3735,3736],{},"The artwork turns it into a field of five butterflies, one per qubit, in four steps:",[202,3738,3739,3745,3751,3757],{},[52,3740,3741,3744],{},[55,3742,3743],{},"Start:"," every butterfly but one begins in superposition.",[52,3746,3747,3750],{},[55,3748,3749],{},"Scramble:"," three layers of random rotations and CNOTs spread each butterfly's state across the field.",[52,3752,3753,3756],{},[55,3754,3755],{},"Damage:"," one butterfly is entangled with a spare qubit, which is then thrown away.",[52,3758,3759,3762],{},[55,3760,3761],{},"Heal:"," the scramble runs backward, and the damaged butterfly's state becomes much purer again.",[15,3764,3765,3766,3770],{},"Every visual is a real quantum quantity, computed from the circuit. Purity sets how sharp a butterfly's wings are. Mutual information draws the threads between butterflies. Fidelity sets how brightly the damaged one glows. ",[25,3767,3769],{"href":3768},"https:\u002F\u002Fquantumbutterflyfield.xyz","The live piece"," also replays recorded runs from IonQ Forte hardware.",[3436,3772],{"description":3773,"owner":3774,"thumb":3775,"title":3776,"to":3777,"builder":3778},"Press Run and the circuit runs all four steps on 6 qubits with 13 CNOTs. Our run on the built-in simulator took about 2 minutes 20 seconds. The project scores the healing by the damaged butterfly's purity, from 0.5 (fully mixed) to 1 (pure). Our run scored 0.78. Change the damaged butterfly or the seed in Run settings to try another field.","xinyi","\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fquantum-butterfly-field\u002Fscreenshot.webp","Quantum Butterfly Field","\u002Fu\u002Fxinyi\u002Fquantum-butterfly-field","Xinyi Zhang",[15,3780,3781,3785],{},[25,3782,3784],{"href":3783},"\u002Fexplore\u002Fart","Can a quantum computer make art?"," covers two more: a garden grown from measurements and a body you can touch.",[36,3787,3376],{"id":3788},"teaching",[15,3790,3791],{},"Shivani Mayekar has run quantum workshops for more than 250 people, and one problem kept coming back. Newcomers understood the theory but had few ways to experiment with it. Her QuantumCanvas lowers the three walls they hit: the math, noisy hardware, and the syntax of a coding framework.",[15,3793,3794],{},"Instead of code, you drop tiles on a grid and watch the circuit and its state change as you go:",[49,3796,3797,3803,3809,3815],{},[52,3798,3799,3802],{},[55,3800,3801],{},"Shake"," spreads every possibility equally, which is superposition.",[52,3804,3805,3808],{},[55,3806,3807],{},"Mark"," tags a target with a hidden signal.",[52,3810,3811,3814],{},[55,3812,3813],{},"Boost"," amplifies the marked item, so it becomes the one you are most likely to measure.",[52,3816,3817,3820],{},[55,3818,3819],{},"Link"," entangles two qubits, so they move together.",[15,3822,3823,3824,3700,3828,34],{},"A Bell state is shake, then link. You can ",[25,3825,3827],{"href":3826},"https:\u002F\u002Fquantum-canvas-v1.netlify.app\u002F","try the live demo",[25,3829,3704],{"href":3830},"\u002Fexplore\u002Fquantum-canvas",[3436,3832],{"description":3833,"owner":3834,"thumb":3835,"title":3836,"to":3837,"builder":3838},"Its Qollab project runs the shake-then-link Bell circuit. Pick an IonQ simulator: on the built-in one it stops at an IonQ-only call. Our run on the IonQ Forte 1 noise model took about 3 minutes. Of 100 shots, 48 read 00 and 50 read 11.","ShivaniMayekar","\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fquantum-canvas\u002Fscreenshot.webp","QuantumCanvas","\u002Fu\u002FShivaniMayekar\u002Fquantum-canvas","Shivani Mayekar",[15,3840,3841,3845],{},[25,3842,3844],{"href":3843},"\u002Fexplore\u002Feducation","See a quantum computer actually work"," covers five more tools, from an algorithm animator to a routing game.",[36,3847,3662],{"id":3848},"the-next-few-years",[15,3850,3851,3852,3856],{},"DARPA's ",[25,3853,3855],{"href":3854},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.darpa.mil\u002Fresearch\u002Fprograms\u002Fquantum-benchmarking-initiative","Quantum Benchmarking Initiative"," (QBI) is testing whether any approach can reach \"utility-scale operation\" by 2033. That means \"its computational value exceeds its cost\". Its program page rates it \"more likely than not\" that a company \"will be able to create an industrially useful quantum computer by 2033\".",[15,3858,3859,3860,3864,3865,3869],{},"Six companies are in its final stage: Atom Computing, Diraq, IBM, IonQ, Microsoft and PsiQuantum. DARPA does not yet know which teams or approaches \"will get there\", QBI managing director Micah Stoutimore said in an ",[25,3861,3863],{"href":3862},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.darpa.mil\u002Fnews\u002F2026\u002Ffour-more-teams-enter-quantum-benchmarking-initiative-final-stage","October 2026 release",". The US Department of Energy plans to ",[25,3866,3868],{"href":3867},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.energy.gov\u002Fscience\u002Farticles\u002Fenergy-department-announces-initiative-create-and-deploy-worlds-first","demonstrate fault-tolerant systems in 2028"," \"with logical qubits numbering in the low hundreds\".",[3559,3871],{"alt":3872,"caption":3873,"src":3874},"Timeline of stated target years. 2026 to 2027: Atom Computing with Microsoft, Magne. 2027: Quantinuum, Sol. 2028: QuEra, Libra, and the US DOE fault-tolerant demonstration. 2029: IBM Starling, Microsoft, Pasqal, Quantinuum Apollo, and Rigetti at about 2029. 2030: Alice and Bob, D-Wave, Google by the end of the decade, IonQ and IQM. 2033: the DARPA QBI question.","The year each hardware maker gives or implies for its stated target in the table below. Google's and Rigetti's are approximate. The US DOE demonstration and DARPA's 2033 question are hollow markers. What each target promises differs, so qubit counts are left out.","\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fwhat-are-quantum-computers-used-for\u002Ftarget-years.webp",[15,3876,3877],{},"Hardware makers' stated targets, in alphabetical order:",[650,3879,3880,3893],{},[653,3881,3882],{},[656,3883,3884,3887,3890],{},[659,3885,3886],{},"Company",[659,3888,3889],{},"Target, in its own words",[659,3891,3892],{},"Date",[675,3894,3895,3908,3928,3941,3955,3968,3980,3993,4006,4018,4031,4043],{},[656,3896,3897,3902,3905],{},[680,3898,3899],{},[25,3900,1479],{"href":3901},"https:\u002F\u002Falice-bob.com\u002Fnewsroom\u002Falice-bob-unveils-first-quantum-system\u002F",[680,3903,3904],{},"\"a universal fault-tolerant quantum computer by 2030\"",[680,3906,3907],{},"June 2026",[656,3909,3910,3917,3925],{},[680,3911,3912,3916],{},[25,3913,3915],{"href":3914},"https:\u002F\u002Fatom-computing.com\u002Feifo-and-the-novo-nordisk-foundation-acquire-the-worlds-most-powerful-quantum-computer\u002F","Atom Computing",", with Microsoft",[680,3918,3919,3920,3924],{},"Magne, \"50 logical qubits and over 1,200 physical qubits\", \"expected to be ready for its first tasks by the new year 2026\u002F27\"; ",[25,3921,3923],{"href":3922},"https:\u002F\u002Fatom-computing.com\u002Fatom-computing-reveals-quantum-error-correction-with-toric-code\u002F","later",", \"Currently being installed\"",[680,3926,3927],{},"July 2025; June 2026",[656,3929,3930,3935,3938],{},[680,3931,3932],{},[25,3933,1430],{"href":3934},"https:\u002F\u002Fs201.q4cdn.com\u002F339170267\u002Ffiles\u002Fdoc_presentations\u002F2026\u002FMay\u002FD-Wave-Quantum-Q1-2026-Presentation.pdf",[680,3936,3937],{},"for 2030, \"A 1,000 physical qubit dual-rail system with 10 logical qubits\"",[680,3939,3940],{},"May 2026",[656,3942,3943,3949,3952],{},[680,3944,3945],{},[25,3946,3948],{"href":3947},"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.google\u002Finnovation-and-ai\u002Ftechnology\u002Fresearch\u002Fneutral-atom-quantum-computers\u002F","Google",[680,3950,3951],{},"\"commercially relevant quantum computers based on superconducting technology\" by \"the end of this decade\"",[680,3953,3954],{},"March 2026",[656,3956,3957,3962,3965],{},[680,3958,3959],{},[25,3960,1575],{"href":3961},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ibm.com\u002Froadmaps\u002Fquantum\u002F",[680,3963,3964],{},"Starling, \"the first fault-tolerant quantum computer\", in 2029, \"200 qubits running 100 million gates\"",[680,3966,3967],{},"undated page, read October 2026",[656,3969,3970,3975,3978],{},[680,3971,3972],{},[25,3973,1542],{"href":3974},"https:\u002F\u002Fionq.com\u002Froadmap",[680,3976,3977],{},"\"2 million physical qubits and 80,000 logical qubits by 2030\"",[680,3979,3967],{},[656,3981,3982,3987,3990],{},[680,3983,3984],{},[25,3985,1559],{"href":3986},"https:\u002F\u002Fitweb.africa\u002Farticle\u002Fiqm-launches-halocene-a-new-quantum-computer-product-line-for-error-correction\u002FDZQ58vV85PYMzXy2",[680,3988,3989],{},"\"a path to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computing by 2030\"",[680,3991,3992],{},"November 2025",[656,3994,3995,4001,4004],{},[680,3996,3997],{},[25,3998,4000],{"href":3999},"https:\u002F\u002Fquantum.microsoft.com\u002Fen-us\u002Finsights\u002Fblogs\u002Fmajorana-2-scalable-quantum-processor","Microsoft",[680,4002,4003],{},"\"a scalable, practical quantum computer\" by 2029, \"a major milestone on the path to a transformative fault-tolerant quantum computer\"",[680,4005,3967],{},[656,4007,4008,4013,4016],{},[680,4009,4010],{},[25,4011,1526],{"href":4012},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pasqal.com\u002Ftechnology\u002Froadmap\u002F",[680,4014,4015],{},"\"200+ logical qubits by 2029\"",[680,4017,3967],{},[656,4019,4020,4025,4028],{},[680,4021,4022],{},[25,4023,1590],{"href":4024},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.quantinuum.com\u002Fpress-releases\u002Fquantinuum-reports-second-quarter-2026-results",[680,4026,4027],{},"\"the launch of Sol in 2027\"; \"Apollo remains on schedule for 2029\"",[680,4029,4030],{},"August 2026",[656,4032,4033,4038,4041],{},[680,4034,4035],{},[25,4036,1339],{"href":4037},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.quera.com\u002Four-quantum-roadmap",[680,4039,4040],{},"Libra, \"256 Logical Qubits\", \"Launching 2028\"",[680,4042,3967],{},[656,4044,4045,4050,4053],{},[680,4046,4047],{},[25,4048,1495],{"href":4049},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.generation-nt.com\u002Fcommuniques-presse\u002Frigetti-computing-reports-second-quarter-2026-financial-results-2079522",[680,4051,4052],{},"\"approximately 1,000 qubits\" over \"roughly a three-year time horizon\"",[680,4054,4030],{},[15,4056,4057],{},"Checked against each source on 19 October 2026. Each target is a statement of intent, and several moved in 2026, some later and some earlier. The companies count logical qubits with different codes and error targets, so the numbers do not compare one to one.",[36,4059,3388],{"id":4060},"run-the-projects",[15,4062,4063],{},"Every run described on this page took place on 19 and 20 October 2026, signed out, in a fresh browser each time. We used the built-in simulator unless the text says otherwise. Most runs took 8 to 37 seconds; the longest took about 23 minutes.",[15,4065,4066],{},"Without an account you get one run per browser, on the simulator you pick. Sign in with Google or GitHub to run again. Projects need a browser feature called WebAssembly JSPI, found in a recent Chrome, Edge or Opera, or Firefox 153 or later.",[15,4068,4069,4070,4072],{},"A simulator is ordinary software that calculates what a circuit does, and it takes the same circuits as a quantum computer. A full state-vector simulator runs out of laptop memory at around 30 qubits; a quantum computer is limited by qubit count and errors instead. ",[25,4071,109],{"href":108}," explains the kinds.",[15,4074,4075,4076,4079],{},"Signed in, the Run dialog also lists IonQ's Forte quantum computers when IonQ reports them, and they ",[25,4077,4078],{"href":1211},"cost credits",". A project can run on one only while the machine is online. The project must also send IonQ one circuit, not a list, of 36 qubits or fewer.",[4081,4082,4092],"fork-row",{"c1":4083,"c2":4084,"c3":4085,"f1":4086,"f2":4087,"f3":4088,"l1":4089,"l2":4090,"l3":3679,"title":4091},"#ff6a00","#46e0ff","#9b7bff","https:\u002F\u002Fqollab.xyz\u002Fu\u002Fqollab\u002Fshors","https:\u002F\u002Fqollab.xyz\u002Fu\u002Festebanrs\u002Fbb84-and-e91-protocol","https:\u002F\u002Fqollab.xyz\u002Fu\u002Faelhalwagi\u002Fbelow-threshold","Shor's algorithm","Catch Eve","Three projects to start with.",[15,4093,4094],{},"Each one finished in under a minute in our runs.",[36,4096,1753],{"id":1752},[1755,4098,4100],{"q":4099},"What is the main use of quantum computing?",[15,4101,4102],{},"Today, quantum computers run small research demonstrations of chemistry, optimization and cryptography methods, and physics experiments. Newcomers also use them through teaching tools. Looking ahead, the researchers cited here rank simulating chemistry and materials first. Their commercial versions need fault-tolerant machines. Optimization and machine learning come third on Aaronson's 2025 list, after breaking today's cryptography.",[1755,4104,4106],{"q":4105},"How far away are we from a useful quantum computer?",[15,4107,4108],{},"DARPA's program page rates it \"more likely than not\" that a company \"will be able to create an industrially useful quantum computer by 2033\". The US Department of Energy plans to demonstrate fault-tolerant systems in 2028, with logical qubits \"numbering in the low hundreds\".",[1755,4110,4112],{"q":4111},"Do quantum computers actually exist yet?",[15,4113,4114,4115,4117],{},"Yes. IBM, IonQ, Quantinuum, Rigetti and others run quantum computers today, and several rent time on them through cloud services. IBM's fleet is built on processors of 100 or more qubits, and IonQ's Forte quantum computers have 36 qubits. ",[25,4116,1010],{"href":1009}," compares what that time costs.",[36,4119,1810],{"id":1809},[49,4121,4122,4126,4132],{},[52,4123,4124],{},[25,4125,109],{"href":108},[52,4127,4128],{},[25,4129,4131],{"href":4130},"\u002Flearn\u002Fquantum-chemistry","Quantum Chemistry and VQE",[52,4133,4134],{},[25,4135,4137],{"href":4136},"\u002Flearn\u002Fprogramming-your-first-quantum-circuits","Programming your first quantum circuits",{"title":236,"searchDepth":260,"depth":260,"links":4139},[4140,4141,4142,4143,4144,4145,4146,4147,4148,4149,4150,4151,4152,4153,4154],{"id":3232,"depth":260,"text":3233},{"id":3392,"depth":260,"text":3264},{"id":3445,"depth":260,"text":3446},{"id":3508,"depth":260,"text":3292},{"id":3543,"depth":260,"text":3306},{"id":3573,"depth":260,"text":3320},{"id":3605,"depth":260,"text":3334},{"id":3654,"depth":260,"text":3655},{"id":3683,"depth":260,"text":3348},{"id":3722,"depth":260,"text":3362},{"id":3788,"depth":260,"text":3376},{"id":3848,"depth":260,"text":3662},{"id":4060,"depth":260,"text":3388},{"id":1752,"depth":260,"text":1753},{"id":1809,"depth":260,"text":1810},[1197,1863,4156],"What are quantum computers used for?",[],{"username":7,"name":1867,"role":1868,"avatar":1869},"Each use with its status in October 2026 and what comes next. Most come with a project on Qollab that runs the method at small scale, free in a browser tab.","What quantum computers do in chemistry, cryptography, optimization, finance and machine learning today and what comes next for each, with projects to run.",{},"\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fwhat-are-quantum-computers-used-for\u002Fog.png","\u002Fblog\u002Fwhat-are-quantum-computers-used-for","2026-10-19","12 min read",[],{"title":4168,"description":4160},"What Are Quantum Computers Used For? Uses You Can Run","blog\u002Fwhat-are-quantum-computers-used-for",[1882,4171],"applications","SN4D2wrie4wj0FU7neglqv-9Ky7YWvuv879eKJKvtds",{"id":4174,"title":1822,"authors":4175,"body":4176,"breadcrumb":5437,"builders":5439,"byline":5440,"category":1870,"categoryName":1870,"challenge":1870,"courseAuthor":1870,"courseLead":1870,"dek":5441,"description":5442,"draft":1873,"extension":1874,"eyebrow":1870,"featured":1873,"finish":1870,"fork":1870,"group":1870,"groupName":1870,"hero":1870,"heroAlt":1870,"heroCta":1870,"heroImage":1870,"homepageFeatured":1873,"kind":1875,"lessonCount":1870,"meta":5443,"navigation":302,"newsItems":1870,"next":1870,"ogImage":5444,"order":1870,"outcomes":1870,"path":5445,"prerequisite":1870,"prerequisiteLinks":1870,"publishDate":5446,"readingTime":5447,"related":5448,"relatedProjects":1870,"section":1882,"seo":5449,"spotlight":1873,"stem":5451,"tags":5452,"track":1870,"trackName":1870,"updates":1870,"__hash__":5454},"blog\u002Fblog\u002Fquantum-computer-simulators.md",[7],{"type":9,"value":4177,"toc":5419},[4178,4194,4198,4206,4367,4370,4393,4399,4410,4414,4483,4495,4499,4502,4747,4753,4766,4774,4778,4810,4814,4817,4821,4924,4928,5121,5125,5205,5209,5255,5259,5266,5268,5288,5292,5295,5346,5352,5355,5358,5360,5373,5383,5392,5394,5416],[12,4179,4180,4183,4186],{},[15,4181,4182],{},"A quantum computer simulator is software that calculates what a quantum circuit does, on an ordinary computer. You can build and test a circuit on one before you use quantum hardware. The free ones run in a browser tab, on your own machine, or on a provider's cloud.",[15,4184,4185],{},"How many qubits a simulator handles depends on its method and on memory. A full simulation of 30 qubits needs 16 GiB in double precision. Stabilizer simulators handle thousands of qubits, for one restricted kind of circuit.",[15,4187,4188,4189,4193],{},"To run one now, open the ",[25,4190,4192],{"href":4191},"#run-a-circuit-now","Bell state example"," below. Qollab runs it free on any of 14 simulators, from a browser tab.",[36,4195,4197],{"id":4196},"run-a-circuit-now","Run a circuit now",[15,4199,4200,4201,4203,4204,34],{},"The example below is a Bell state: two qubits prepared in one shared state, then measured 1,000 times. Each repetition is a shot. On an ideal simulator about half the shots read ",[219,4202,606],{}," and the rest read ",[219,4205,609],{},[226,4207,4209],{"name":805,"no-picker":236,"run-href":807,"tag":4208},"Python · Qiskit",[231,4210,4212],{"className":233,"code":4211,"language":235,"meta":236,"style":236},"# 'backend' is pre-created for you in the Qollab Playground.\nfrom qiskit import QuantumCircuit\n\nqc = QuantumCircuit(2, 2)       # two qubits, two answer bits\nqc.h(0)                         # H gate on qubit 0\nqc.cx(0, 1)                     # CNOT: qubit 1 follows qubit 0\nqc.measure([0, 1], [0, 1])      # read both qubits into the bits\n\njob = backend.run(qc, shots=1000)\ncounts = job.result().get_counts()\nprint(counts)                   # e.g. {'00': 502, '11': 498}\n",[219,4213,4214,4218,4228,4232,4254,4270,4290,4318,4322,4342,4358],{"__ignoreMap":236},[240,4215,4216],{"class":242,"line":243},[240,4217,817],{"class":309},[240,4219,4220,4222,4224,4226],{"class":242,"line":260},[240,4221,247],{"class":246},[240,4223,251],{"class":250},[240,4225,254],{"class":246},[240,4227,257],{"class":250},[240,4229,4230],{"class":242,"line":273},[240,4231,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,4233,4234,4236,4238,4240,4242,4244,4246,4248,4251],{"class":242,"line":286},[240,4235,379],{"class":250},[240,4237,320],{"class":319},[240,4239,384],{"class":323},[240,4241,344],{"class":250},[240,4243,389],{"class":353},[240,4245,357],{"class":250},[240,4247,389],{"class":353},[240,4249,4250],{"class":250},")       ",[240,4252,4253],{"class":309},"# two qubits, two answer bits\n",[240,4255,4256,4258,4260,4262,4264,4267],{"class":242,"line":299},[240,4257,397],{"class":250},[240,4259,400],{"class":323},[240,4261,344],{"class":250},[240,4263,405],{"class":353},[240,4265,4266],{"class":250},")                         ",[240,4268,4269],{"class":309},"# H gate on qubit 0\n",[240,4271,4272,4274,4276,4278,4280,4282,4284,4287],{"class":242,"line":306},[240,4273,397],{"class":250},[240,4275,415],{"class":323},[240,4277,344],{"class":250},[240,4279,405],{"class":353},[240,4281,357],{"class":250},[240,4283,424],{"class":353},[240,4285,4286],{"class":250},")                     ",[240,4288,4289],{"class":309},"# CNOT: qubit 1 follows qubit 0\n",[240,4291,4292,4294,4296,4298,4300,4302,4304,4306,4308,4310,4312,4315],{"class":242,"line":313},[240,4293,397],{"class":250},[240,4295,884],{"class":323},[240,4297,887],{"class":250},[240,4299,405],{"class":353},[240,4301,357],{"class":250},[240,4303,424],{"class":353},[240,4305,896],{"class":250},[240,4307,405],{"class":353},[240,4309,357],{"class":250},[240,4311,424],{"class":353},[240,4313,4314],{"class":250},"])      ",[240,4316,4317],{"class":309},"# read both qubits into the bits\n",[240,4319,4320],{"class":242,"line":330},[240,4321,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,4323,4324,4326,4328,4330,4332,4334,4336,4338,4340],{"class":242,"line":371},[240,4325,502],{"class":250},[240,4327,320],{"class":319},[240,4329,918],{"class":250},[240,4331,485],{"class":323},[240,4333,923],{"class":250},[240,4335,525],{"class":347},[240,4337,320],{"class":319},[240,4339,530],{"class":353},[240,4341,368],{"class":250},[240,4343,4344,4346,4348,4350,4352,4354,4356],{"class":242,"line":376},[240,4345,556],{"class":250},[240,4347,320],{"class":319},[240,4349,561],{"class":250},[240,4351,564],{"class":323},[240,4353,944],{"class":250},[240,4355,575],{"class":323},[240,4357,327],{"class":250},[240,4359,4360,4362,4364],{"class":242,"line":394},[240,4361,538],{"class":319},[240,4363,585],{"class":250},[240,4365,4366],{"class":309},"# e.g. {'00': 502, '11': 498}\n",[15,4368,4369],{},"To run it:",[202,4371,4372,4377,4382],{},[52,4373,965,4374,4376],{},[55,4375,968],{}," under the code. The project page opens in a new tab.",[52,4378,965,4379,4381],{},[55,4380,968],{}," on that page. The Run dialog opens, headed Select QPU.",[52,4383,4384,4385,4388,4389,4392],{},"Pick ",[55,4386,4387],{},"Built-in simulator"," and press ",[55,4390,4391],{},"Run",". The counts print in the console.",[15,4394,4395,4396,4398],{},"Without an account you get one run, on one simulator. Sign in with Google or GitHub to run again and to try the other simulators. The playground runs Python through a browser feature called WebAssembly JSPI, found in a recent Chrome, Edge or Opera, or Firefox 153 or later. In other browsers Qollab keeps ",[55,4397,4391],{}," disabled. The first run loads Python and the example's packages, so it takes longer than the runs after it.",[15,4400,42,4401,4405,4406,4409],{},[25,4402,4404],{"href":4403},"\u002Fu\u002Fqollab\u002Fbell-state-js","same circuit in JavaScript"," runs the same way. Its ",[219,4407,4408],{},"main.js"," calls the same Qiskit from a JS project.",[194,4411,4413],{"id":4412},"the-simulators-in-the-run-dialog","The simulators in the Run dialog",[650,4415,4416,4428],{},[653,4417,4418],{},[656,4419,4420,4423,4425],{},[659,4421,4422],{},"Simulator",[659,4424,1414],{},[659,4426,4427],{},"Where it runs",[675,4429,4430,4445,4454,4464,4474],{},[656,4431,4432,4439,4442],{},[680,4433,4434,4435,4438],{},"Built-in simulator (Qiskit's ",[219,4436,4437],{},"BasicSimulator","), 24 qubits",[680,4440,4441],{},"Ideal",[680,4443,4444],{},"Your browser",[656,4446,4447,4450,4452],{},[680,4448,4449],{},"AWS Braket local simulator, 25 qubits",[680,4451,4441],{},[680,4453,4444],{},[656,4455,4456,4459,4462],{},[680,4457,4458],{},"Eight IBM simulators: Boston, Kingston, Pittsburgh, Fez, Marrakesh and Aachen (156-qubit Heron devices); Miami and Berlin (120-qubit Nighthawk devices)",[680,4460,4461],{},"Noise model",[680,4463,4444],{},[656,4465,4466,4469,4471],{},[680,4467,4468],{},"IonQ Forte 1 and Forte Enterprise 1, 29 qubits",[680,4470,4461],{},[680,4472,4473],{},"IonQ's cloud",[656,4475,4476,4479,4481],{},[680,4477,4478],{},"IonQ Aria 1 and Aria 2, 25 qubits",[680,4480,4461],{},[680,4482,4473],{},[15,4484,4485,4486,4488,4489,4491,4492,4494],{},"All 14 are free. Signed out, the dialog marks the IonQ rows ",[55,4487,984],{},"; the runs still cost nothing. The IBM figures are the sizes of the devices the models copy; how large a circuit your browser can simulate depends on its memory. IonQ has retired the Aria hardware, so the two Aria models copy machines that no longer run. When IonQ reports its machines, the dialog also lists its Forte quantum computers, which ",[25,4490,4078],{"href":1211},". ",[25,4493,1833],{"href":1196}," lists every option.",[194,4496,4498],{"id":4497},"what-the-counts-show","What the counts show",[15,4500,4501],{},"The Bell state above, run on Qollab on 15 October 2026, signed out, 1,000 shots each:",[650,4503,4504,4526],{},[653,4505,4506],{},[656,4507,4508,4510,4514,4518,4522],{},[659,4509,4422],{},[659,4511,4512],{},[219,4513,606],{},[659,4515,4516],{},[219,4517,598],{},[659,4519,4520],{},[219,4521,602],{},[659,4523,4524],{},[219,4525,609],{},[675,4527,4528,4542,4557,4574,4590,4606,4621,4637,4653,4669,4686,4702,4717,4732],{},[656,4529,4530,4532,4535,4537,4539],{},[680,4531,4387],{},[680,4533,4534],{},"514",[680,4536,405],{},[680,4538,405],{},[680,4540,4541],{},"486",[656,4543,4544,4547,4550,4552,4554],{},[680,4545,4546],{},"AWS Braket local simulator",[680,4548,4549],{},"497",[680,4551,405],{},[680,4553,405],{},[680,4555,4556],{},"503",[656,4558,4559,4562,4565,4568,4571],{},[680,4560,4561],{},"IBM Boston noise model",[680,4563,4564],{},"529",[680,4566,4567],{},"9",[680,4569,4570],{},"8",[680,4572,4573],{},"454",[656,4575,4576,4579,4582,4585,4587],{},[680,4577,4578],{},"IBM Kingston noise model",[680,4580,4581],{},"351",[680,4583,4584],{},"123",[680,4586,1672],{},[680,4588,4589],{},"346",[656,4591,4592,4595,4598,4600,4603],{},[680,4593,4594],{},"IBM Pittsburgh noise model",[680,4596,4597],{},"510",[680,4599,602],{},[680,4601,4602],{},"35",[680,4604,4605],{},"445",[656,4607,4608,4611,4613,4615,4618],{},[680,4609,4610],{},"IBM Fez noise model",[680,4612,4549],{},[680,4614,602],{},[680,4616,4617],{},"15",[680,4619,4620],{},"478",[656,4622,4623,4626,4629,4632,4634],{},[680,4624,4625],{},"IBM Marrakesh noise model",[680,4627,4628],{},"489",[680,4630,4631],{},"14",[680,4633,389],{},[680,4635,4636],{},"495",[656,4638,4639,4642,4644,4647,4650],{},[680,4640,4641],{},"IBM Miami noise model",[680,4643,4573],{},[680,4645,4646],{},"20",[680,4648,4649],{},"34",[680,4651,4652],{},"492",[656,4654,4655,4658,4661,4664,4666],{},[680,4656,4657],{},"IBM Aachen noise model",[680,4659,4660],{},"481",[680,4662,4663],{},"6",[680,4665,4663],{},[680,4667,4668],{},"507",[656,4670,4671,4674,4677,4680,4683],{},[680,4672,4673],{},"IBM Berlin noise model",[680,4675,4676],{},"476",[680,4678,4679],{},"37",[680,4681,4682],{},"31",[680,4684,4685],{},"456",[656,4687,4688,4691,4694,4697,4699],{},[680,4689,4690],{},"IonQ Aria 1 noise model",[680,4692,4693],{},"506",[680,4695,4696],{},"3",[680,4698,424],{},[680,4700,4701],{},"490",[656,4703,4704,4707,4710,4712,4714],{},[680,4705,4706],{},"IonQ Aria 2 noise model",[680,4708,4709],{},"480",[680,4711,4696],{},[680,4713,4663],{},[680,4715,4716],{},"511",[656,4718,4719,4722,4725,4727,4730],{},[680,4720,4721],{},"IonQ Forte 1 noise model",[680,4723,4724],{},"479",[680,4726,4696],{},[680,4728,4729],{},"4",[680,4731,4534],{},[656,4733,4734,4737,4740,4742,4744],{},[680,4735,4736],{},"IonQ Forte Enterprise 1 noise model",[680,4738,4739],{},"485",[680,4741,4696],{},[680,4743,4729],{},[680,4745,4746],{},"508",[15,4748,4749,4750,4752],{},"Every run but one took 5 to 18 seconds from pressing ",[55,4751,4391],{}," to the counts, in a fresh browser. One IonQ cloud run took 133 seconds.",[15,4754,4755,4756,599,4758,4760,4761,599,4763,4765],{},"The ideal simulators return only ",[219,4757,606],{},[219,4759,609],{},". Their split differs from 500\u002F500 by chance, as any 1,000 samples of a 50\u002F50 outcome do. The noise-model simulators also return ",[219,4762,598],{},[219,4764,602],{},", outcomes the ideal circuit never produces. Across the 12 models those two outcomes took between 0.4% and 30.3% of the shots, because each model copies a different device's calibration.",[15,4767,4768,4769,4773],{},"Each noise model adds errors measured on its device. IBM builds its models from calibration snapshots that IBM says were sometimes taken years ago. IonQ calls its models simplified approximations and says hardware results should not be expected to match them quantitatively. One run of one circuit on these models does not rank the devices or their makers. Noise-model runs usually take longer than ideal ones; ",[25,4770,4772],{"href":4771},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdocs\u002Fideal-vs-noise-model-simulators","Ideal vs. noise-model simulators"," explains when and why.",[36,4775,4777],{"id":4776},"which-simulator-fits-which-job","Which simulator fits which job",[49,4779,4780,4786,4792,4798,4804],{},[52,4781,4782,4785],{},[55,4783,4784],{},"Learning what gates do:"," a drag-and-drop simulator in the browser, such as Quirk or IBM Quantum Composer, updates the state as you place each gate.",[52,4787,4788,4791],{},[55,4789,4790],{},"Checking a circuit's logic:"," an ideal simulator, such as the built-in one on Qollab, or Qiskit, Cirq or PennyLane on your machine.",[52,4793,4794,4797],{},[55,4795,4796],{},"Seeing noise before a hardware run:"," a noise-model simulator. On Qollab that is any IBM or IonQ model; elsewhere, IBM's fake backends with Qiskit Aer, IonQ's cloud simulator, or the density-matrix simulators in Cirq, PennyLane and Braket.",[52,4799,4800,4803],{},[55,4801,4802],{},"Going past 30 qubits:"," a GPU simulator such as CUDA-Q or PennyLane Lightning, a tensor-network simulator for circuits with limited entanglement, or a cloud service.",[52,4805,4806,4809],{},[55,4807,4808],{},"Error-correction research:"," Stim, which simulates Clifford circuits with thousands of qubits.",[36,4811,4813],{"id":4812},"free-quantum-simulators-compared","Free quantum simulators compared",[15,4815,4816],{},"Each tool below was checked against its maintainer's own pages on 14 October 2026. Free tiers change, so check a tool's pricing page before you plan around it. A hard qubit limit means the tool refuses more; a practical one means memory sets the limit.",[194,4818,4820],{"id":4819},"in-a-browser-tab","In a browser tab",[650,4822,4823,4838],{},[653,4824,4825],{},[656,4826,4827,4830,4833,4835],{},[659,4828,4829],{},"Tool",[659,4831,4832],{},"Method and noise",[659,4834,1417],{},[659,4836,4837],{},"Free terms",[675,4839,4840,4856,4873,4890,4907],{},[656,4841,4842,4847,4850,4853],{},[680,4843,4844],{},[25,4845,4846],{"href":1196},"Qollab playground",[680,4848,4849],{},"Ideal and noise-model simulators, run from Python or JavaScript projects",[680,4851,4852],{},"24 (built-in), 25 (Braket local), 25 or 29 (IonQ models); IBM models: memory",[680,4854,4855],{},"Free; one run without an account, then sign in",[656,4857,4858,4864,4867,4870],{},[680,4859,4860],{},[25,4861,4863],{"href":4862},"https:\u002F\u002Falgassert.com\u002Fquirk","Quirk",[680,4865,4866],{},"Drag and drop; state vector, no noise",[680,4868,4869],{},"16, hard",[680,4871,4872],{},"Free, no account",[656,4874,4875,4881,4884,4887],{},[680,4876,4877],{},[25,4878,4880],{"href":4879},"https:\u002F\u002Fquirk-e.dev\u002F","Quirk-E",[680,4882,4883],{},"Quirk extended at the University of Jyväskylä; ideal, no noise; exports OpenQASM, Qiskit, Cirq and more",[680,4885,4886],{},"20, hard",[680,4888,4889],{},"Free to use; its README requires citing Quirk and the Quirk-E paper",[656,4891,4892,4898,4901,4904],{},[680,4893,4894],{},[25,4895,4897],{"href":4896},"https:\u002F\u002Fquantum.cloud.ibm.com\u002Fdocs\u002Fen\u002Fguides\u002Fcomposer","IBM Quantum Composer",[680,4899,4900],{},"Drag and drop plus an OpenQASM editor; single-shot state vector for its visualizations, no noise",[680,4902,4903],{},"4 signed out; up to 15 signed in, depending on the view",[680,4905,4906],{},"Free; signing in needs an IBM Cloud account (a 30-day trial, then Pay-as-you-go)",[656,4908,4909,4915,4918,4921],{},[680,4910,4911],{},[25,4912,4914],{"href":4913},"https:\u002F\u002Fthequantumlaend.de\u002Fquantum-circuit-designer\u002F","THE QUANTUM LÄND circuit simulator",[680,4916,4917],{},"Drag and drop, generates OpenQASM; ideal; runs on the University of Stuttgart's servers",[680,4919,4920],{},"10 in the designer, hard; 30 through its API with an activated account",[680,4922,4923],{},"Free; without an account, one backend and 1,000 shots per simulation",[194,4925,4927],{"id":4926},"on-your-machine","On your machine",[650,4929,4930,4942],{},[653,4931,4932],{},[656,4933,4934,4936,4938,4940],{},[659,4935,4829],{},[659,4937,4832],{},[659,4939,1417],{},[659,4941,4837],{},[675,4943,4944,4973,4996,5017,5050,5067,5087,5104],{},[656,4945,4946,4958,4964,4970],{},[680,4947,4948,4952,4953],{},[25,4949,4951],{"href":4950},"https:\u002F\u002Fqiskit.github.io\u002Fqiskit-aer\u002Fstubs\u002Fqiskit_aer.AerSimulator.html","Qiskit Aer"," and Qiskit's ",[25,4954,4956],{"href":4955},"https:\u002F\u002Fquantum.cloud.ibm.com\u002Fdocs\u002Fen\u002Fapi\u002Fqiskit\u002Fqiskit.providers.basic_provider.BasicSimulator",[219,4957,4437],{},[680,4959,4960,4961,4963],{},"Aer: state vector, density matrix, stabilizer, matrix product state and more, with noise models. ",[219,4962,4437],{},": state vector and Clifford, no noise",[680,4965,4966,4967,4969],{},"Aer: memory. ",[219,4968,4437],{},": 24 (state vector), 2,048 (Clifford), hard",[680,4971,4972],{},"Free, open source. Aer has been in reduced maintenance, critical fixes only, since May 2026",[656,4974,4975,4985,4991,4994],{},[680,4976,4977,4981,4982],{},[25,4978,4980],{"href":4979},"https:\u002F\u002Fquantum.cloud.ibm.com\u002Fdocs\u002Fen\u002Fapi\u002Fqiskit-ibm-runtime\u002Ffake-provider","IBM fake backends"," in ",[219,4983,4984],{},"qiskit-ibm-runtime",[680,4986,4987,4988,4990],{},"Noise models from snapshots of IBM devices, run on Aer; without ",[219,4989,624],{}," installed they run without noise",[680,4992,4993],{},"Memory; each model lists its device's qubits",[680,4995,4872],{},[656,4997,4998,5008,5011,5014],{},[680,4999,5000,599,5004],{},[25,5001,5003],{"href":5002},"https:\u002F\u002Fquantumai.google\u002Fcirq\u002Fsimulate\u002Fsimulation","Cirq",[25,5005,5007],{"href":5006},"https:\u002F\u002Fquantumai.google\u002Fqsim","qsim",[680,5009,5010],{},"Cirq: state vector, density matrix, Clifford, noise models. qsim: a C++ state-vector simulator, noise by trajectories",[680,5012,5013],{},"Cirq: about 20, practical. qsim: fewer than 29 on an 8 GB laptop, Google's guidance",[680,5015,5016],{},"Free, open source",[656,5018,5019,5025,5041,5048],{},[680,5020,5021],{},[25,5022,5024],{"href":5023},"https:\u002F\u002Fpennylane.ai\u002Fdevices","PennyLane",[680,5026,5027,357,5030,5033,5034,357,5037,5040],{},[219,5028,5029],{},"default.qubit",[219,5031,5032],{},"default.mixed"," (noise), ",[219,5035,5036],{},"default.clifford",[219,5038,5039],{},"default.tensor","; Lightning devices in C++ for CPU and GPU",[680,5042,5043,5044,5047],{},"Memory; ",[219,5045,5046],{},"lightning.qubit"," is \"well-suited for 20+ qubit workflows\"",[680,5049,5016],{},[656,5051,5052,5058,5061,5064],{},[680,5053,5054],{},[25,5055,5057],{"href":5056},"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.aws.amazon.com\u002Fbraket\u002Flatest\u002Fdeveloperguide\u002Fbraket-submit-tasks-simulators.html","Amazon Braket local simulator",[680,5059,5060],{},"State vector; density matrix with noise channels",[680,5062,5063],{},"25 (state vector), 12 (density matrix), practical",[680,5065,5066],{},"Free in the Braket SDK",[656,5068,5069,5078,5081,5084],{},[680,5070,5071,357,5075],{},[25,5072,5074],{"href":5073},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.microsoft.com\u002Fen-us\u002Fazure\u002Fquantum\u002Fsimulators-overview-qdk","Microsoft QDK",[219,5076,5077],{},"pip install qdk",[680,5079,5080],{},"Sparse simulator (the default); stabilizer simulator with Pauli noise and qubit loss; GPU full-state simulator",[680,5082,5083],{},"GPU full-state: 27. Stabilizer: thousands",[680,5085,5086],{},"Free; no Azure account needed to simulate",[656,5088,5089,5095,5098,5101],{},[680,5090,5091],{},[25,5092,5094],{"href":5093},"https:\u002F\u002Fnvidia.github.io\u002Fcuda-quantum\u002Flatest\u002Fusing\u002Fbackends\u002Fsimulators.html","CUDA-Q",[680,5096,5097],{},"State vector on CPU or GPU, tensor network, matrix product state, density matrix, Stim; GPU targets use NVIDIA cuQuantum",[680,5099,5100],{},"Under 28 on CPU, under 33 on one 64 GB GPU; thousands for some circuits with tensor networks (NVIDIA's guidance)",[680,5102,5103],{},"Free, Apache 2.0; GPU targets need an NVIDIA GPU",[656,5105,5106,5112,5115,5118],{},[680,5107,5108],{},[25,5109,5111],{"href":5110},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.quantumrings.com\u002Fplans","Quantum Rings SDK",[680,5113,5114],{},"Proprietary CPU and GPU engines",[680,5116,5117],{},"The free key's limit is not published",[680,5119,5120],{},"Free for non-commercial use; needs a licence key and an account",[194,5122,5124],{"id":5123},"on-a-providers-cloud","On a provider's cloud",[650,5126,5127,5139],{},[653,5128,5129],{},[656,5130,5131,5133,5135,5137],{},[659,5132,4829],{},[659,5134,4832],{},[659,5136,1417],{},[659,5138,4837],{},[675,5140,5141,5158,5173,5188],{},[656,5142,5143,5149,5152,5155],{},[680,5144,5145],{},[25,5146,5148],{"href":5147},"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.ionq.com\u002Fuser-manual\u002Faccounts","IonQ cloud simulator",[680,5150,5151],{},"Ideal, plus noise models of IonQ's Forte and Aria systems",[680,5153,5154],{},"29 (ideal and Forte), 25 (Aria), hard",[680,5156,5157],{},"Free with an IonQ account",[656,5159,5160,5164,5167,5170],{},[680,5161,5162],{},[25,5163,723],{"href":1082},[680,5165,5166],{},"IonQ's simulator and Rigetti's QVM",[680,5168,5169],{},"29 (IonQ), 30 (Rigetti QVM)",[680,5171,5172],{},"Free of charge; needs an Azure subscription",[656,5174,5175,5179,5182,5185],{},[680,5176,5177],{},[25,5178,1178],{"href":1177},[680,5180,5181],{},"Its own state-vector simulator, plus Rigetti's QVM, IonQ's simulator and Quantinuum's H2 checker and emulator",[680,5183,5184],{},"Not published",[680,5186,5187],{},"Free plan: 100 jobs a day per simulator, no credit card",[656,5189,5190,5196,5199,5202],{},[680,5191,5192],{},[25,5193,5195],{"href":5194},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bluequbit.io\u002Fpricing","BlueQubit",[680,5197,5198],{},"CPU state vector based on qsim, matrix product state, Pauli propagation",[680,5200,5201],{},"34 (CPU), 96 (matrix product state)",[680,5203,5204],{},"Free plan: CPU state-vector jobs up to 60 minutes, matrix product state and Pauli jobs up to 15; GPU jobs need credits",[194,5206,5208],{"id":5207},"specialist-simulators","Specialist simulators",[49,5210,5211,5218,5230,5237,5248],{},[52,5212,5213,5217],{},[25,5214,5216],{"href":5215},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fquantumlib\u002FStim","Stim"," simulates Clifford circuits with Pauli noise, at thousands of qubits and millions of operations. Error-correction research uses it.",[52,5219,5220,5224,5225,5229],{},[25,5221,5223],{"href":5222},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002FQuEST-Kit\u002FQuEST","QuEST"," (C and C++) and ",[25,5226,5228],{"href":5227},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fqulacs\u002Fqulacs","Qulacs"," (Python and C++) simulate state vectors and density matrices, with GPU support.",[52,5231,5232,5236],{},[25,5233,5235],{"href":5234},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fmunich-quantum-toolkit\u002Fddsim","MQT DDSIM",", from the Technical University of Munich, simulates circuits with decision diagrams and plugs into Qiskit.",[52,5238,5239,5243,5244,5247],{},[25,5240,5242],{"href":5241},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fqutip\u002Fqutip-qip","QuTiP"," models open quantum systems; its ",[219,5245,5246],{},"qutip-qip"," package adds gate circuits and pulse-level noisy devices.",[52,5249,5250,5254],{},[25,5251,5253],{"href":5252},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.quantum-inspire.com\u002F","Quantum Inspire 2.0",", from QuTech, runs a cloud emulator free up to 26 qubits for non-commercial users, after account approval.",[194,5256,5258],{"id":5257},"paid-managed-simulators","Paid managed simulators",[15,5260,5261,5262,5265],{},"Amazon Braket's managed simulators, SV1 (state vector, up to 34 qubits) and DM1 (density matrix, up to 17), cost $0.075 a minute in US East (N. Virginia). Billing is per millisecond, with a three-second minimum per simulation. AWS changed its Free Tier for new accounts in July 2025, adding sign-up credits, and Braket's ",[25,5263,5264],{"href":1055},"pricing page"," still describes a free simulator hour. Check what your account gets before a long run.",[194,5267,1716],{"id":1715},[49,5269,5270,5273,5276,5279,5282,5285],{},[52,5271,5272],{},"IBM retired its cloud simulators on 15 May 2024. It points users to the fake backends and Qiskit Aer on their own machines.",[52,5274,5275],{},"Azure Quantum Credits ended on 1 June 2025.",[52,5277,5278],{},"Xanadu's Quantum Cloud is no longer available; the decommissioning was committed in January 2026, and the Strawberry Fields repository is archived.",[52,5280,5281],{},"Amazon Braket retired its TN1 tensor-network simulator in June 2026.",[52,5283,5284],{},"Classiq ended open free access for new users on 9 August 2026; existing users keep access.",[52,5286,5287],{},"Microsoft removed the Q# katas from its online playground in September 2026. They now run in the QDK extension for VS Code.",[36,5289,5291],{"id":5290},"how-many-qubits-can-a-simulator-handle","How many qubits can a simulator handle?",[15,5293,5294],{},"A state-vector simulator stores 2^n complex numbers for n qubits, at 16 bytes each in double precision. Each added qubit doubles the memory:",[650,5296,5297,5306],{},[653,5298,5299],{},[656,5300,5301,5303],{},[659,5302,1417],{},[659,5304,5305],{},"State-vector memory",[675,5307,5308,5315,5323,5331,5338],{},[656,5309,5310,5312],{},[680,5311,4646],{},[680,5313,5314],{},"16 MiB",[656,5316,5317,5320],{},[680,5318,5319],{},"25",[680,5321,5322],{},"512 MiB",[656,5324,5325,5328],{},[680,5326,5327],{},"30",[680,5329,5330],{},"16 GiB",[656,5332,5333,5335],{},[680,5334,4602],{},[680,5336,5337],{},"512 GiB",[656,5339,5340,5343],{},[680,5341,5342],{},"40",[680,5344,5345],{},"16 TiB",[15,5347,5348,5349,5351],{},"A density matrix, which noise-model simulators can use, holds 4^n numbers: 15 qubits take the same 16 GiB as a 30-qubit state vector. Qollab's built-in simulator stops at 24 qubits, the state-vector limit of Qiskit's ",[219,5350,4437],{},". AWS gives 25 qubits as practical guidance for its local simulator.",[15,5353,5354],{},"Other methods trade generality for size. Stim is a stabilizer simulator: it handles thousands of qubits, but only for Clifford circuits (H, S, CNOT and measurement, with no T gate). The QDK's stabilizer simulator also accepts a small number of non-Clifford operations.",[15,5356,5357],{},"Tensor-network and matrix-product-state simulators reach hundreds or thousands of qubits on circuits whose entanglement stays limited. GPU simulators keep the state vector in GPU memory; NVIDIA's guidance for CUDA-Q is under 33 qubits on one 64 GB GPU. IBM's documentation gives several reasons for retiring its cloud simulators, among them that their usefulness \"maxes out at around 50 qubits\".",[36,5359,1753],{"id":1752},[1755,5361,5363],{"q":5362},"Does IBM still have a free quantum simulator?",[15,5364,5365,5366,5368,5369,5372],{},"Yes. IBM retired the cloud simulators you sent jobs to on 15 May 2024. For code, it now points to Qiskit Aer and the fake backends in ",[219,5367,4984],{},", which copy the noise of IBM devices and run on your own machine. Qollab runs eight of those fake backends in a browser tab, so you can ",[25,5370,5371],{"href":4191},"run the Bell state"," on one. IBM Quantum Composer also shows simulated results in the browser, for up to 4 qubits without signing in.",[1755,5374,5376],{"q":5375},"Is there a way to use a quantum computer for free?",[15,5377,5378,5379,5382],{},"The simulators in the comparison tables above all have a free route. For real hardware, IBM's Open Plan includes up to 10 minutes of runtime a month, and a new Qollab account starts with 100 credits for IonQ hardware. ",[25,5380,1010],{"href":5381},"\u002Fexplore\u002Fbuy-a-quantum-computer#how-to-run-one-free"," compares the free routes and what paid runs cost.",[1755,5384,5386],{"q":5385},"Is a quantum simulator the same as a quantum circuit simulator?",[15,5387,5388,5389,5391],{},"Not always. In physics, a quantum simulator is a controllable quantum system, such as cold atoms in a lattice, used to imitate another quantum system that is hard to study directly. A quantum circuit simulator is classical software that calculates what a circuit does, and this page covers that kind. QuTiP is classical software for modelling physical quantum systems, and its ",[219,5390,5246],{}," package adds circuits.",[36,5393,1810],{"id":1809},[49,5395,5396,5402,5406,5410],{},[52,5397,5398],{},[25,5399,5401],{"href":5400},"\u002Fexplore\u002Fquantum-cloud-computing","Quantum cloud computing services compared",[52,5403,5404],{},[25,5405,1833],{"href":1196},[52,5407,5408],{},[25,5409,4772],{"href":4771},[52,5411,5412],{},[25,5413,5415],{"href":5414},"\u002Flearn\u002Fprogramming-your-first-quantum-circuits\u002Fnoise-and-the-real-machine","Noise, and the real machine",[1841,5417,5418],{},"html pre.shiki code .sV9Aq, html code.shiki .sV9Aq{--shiki-default:#7F848E;--shiki-default-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .seHd6, html code.shiki .seHd6{--shiki-default:#C678DD}html pre.shiki code .sn6KH, html code.shiki .sn6KH{--shiki-default:#ABB2BF}html pre.shiki code .sjrmR, html code.shiki .sjrmR{--shiki-default:#56B6C2}html pre.shiki code .sVbv2, html code.shiki .sVbv2{--shiki-default:#61AFEF}html pre.shiki code .sVC51, html code.shiki .sVC51{--shiki-default:#D19A66}html pre.shiki code .s_ZVi, html code.shiki .s_ZVi{--shiki-default:#E06C75;--shiki-default-font-style:italic}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}",{"title":236,"searchDepth":260,"depth":260,"links":5420},[5421,5425,5426,5434,5435,5436],{"id":4196,"depth":260,"text":4197,"children":5422},[5423,5424],{"id":4412,"depth":273,"text":4413},{"id":4497,"depth":273,"text":4498},{"id":4776,"depth":260,"text":4777},{"id":4812,"depth":260,"text":4813,"children":5427},[5428,5429,5430,5431,5432,5433],{"id":4819,"depth":273,"text":4820},{"id":4926,"depth":273,"text":4927},{"id":5123,"depth":273,"text":5124},{"id":5207,"depth":273,"text":5208},{"id":5257,"depth":273,"text":5258},{"id":1715,"depth":273,"text":1716},{"id":5290,"depth":260,"text":5291},{"id":1752,"depth":260,"text":1753},{"id":1809,"depth":260,"text":1810},[1197,1863,5438],"Quantum computer simulators",[],{"username":7,"name":1867,"role":1868,"avatar":1869},"Run a Bell state free in your browser, then pick a simulator for the job: learning gates, checking a circuit, seeing noise, or going past 30 qubits.","Run a quantum circuit free on 14 simulators, then compare Quirk, Qiskit Aer, Cirq, PennyLane, Braket, IonQ and more by method, qubits and free terms.",{},"\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fquantum-computer-simulators\u002Fog.png","\u002Fblog\u002Fquantum-computer-simulators","2026-10-15","11 min read",[],{"title":5450,"description":5442},"Free Quantum Computer Simulators, Online and in Python","blog\u002Fquantum-computer-simulators",[1882,5453],"simulators","Bwi7MVETMDyuAiwHWaNI0AXz8wAHZFivw4yU55NmZ8I",{"id":5456,"title":1828,"authors":5457,"body":5458,"breadcrumb":7961,"builders":7962,"byline":7963,"category":1870,"categoryName":1870,"challenge":1870,"courseAuthor":1870,"courseLead":1870,"dek":7964,"description":7965,"draft":1873,"extension":1874,"eyebrow":1870,"featured":1873,"finish":1870,"fork":1870,"group":1870,"groupName":1870,"hero":1870,"heroAlt":1870,"heroCta":1870,"heroImage":1870,"homepageFeatured":1873,"kind":1875,"lessonCount":1870,"meta":7966,"navigation":302,"newsItems":1870,"next":1870,"ogImage":7967,"order":1870,"outcomes":1870,"path":7968,"prerequisite":1870,"prerequisiteLinks":1870,"publishDate":7969,"readingTime":7970,"related":7971,"relatedProjects":1870,"section":1882,"seo":7972,"spotlight":1873,"stem":7974,"tags":7975,"track":1870,"trackName":1870,"updates":1870,"__hash__":7978},"blog\u002Fblog\u002Fquantum-programming-languages.md",[7],{"type":9,"value":5459,"toc":7937},[5460,5477,5489,5493,5496,5516,5519,5523,5644,5648,5651,5654,5657,5661,5672,5675,5679,5693,5843,5854,5858,5890,5968,5972,5993,6136,6139,6164,6396,6400,6408,6412,6442,6454,6469,6576,6579,6605,6772,6776,6782,6894,6897,6907,7037,7041,7079,7348,7351,7367,7488,7492,7507,7635,7639,7670,7672,7681,7695,7704,7706,7709,7908,7910,7934],[12,5461,5462,5465],{},[15,5463,5464],{},"A quantum program is usually written in Python with a software development kit (SDK). An SDK is a library that builds circuits and runs them on a simulator or a quantum computer. Qiskit, Cirq and PennyLane are SDKs. Q# is a language of its own from Microsoft, and OpenQASM is the text format circuits are saved and exchanged in.",[15,5466,5467,5468,5472,5473,34],{},"If you are starting out, begin with Qiskit: open the ",[25,5469,5471],{"href":5470},"#qiskit-in-python","Qiskit example"," below and run it on the free built-in simulator. On Qollab, Qiskit (from Python or JavaScript), OpenQASM and Cirq ",[25,5474,5476],{"href":5475},"#run-the-bell-state-on-qollab","run in your browser",[15,5478,5479,5480,4203,5482,4491,5484,5488],{},"Every example on this page builds the same circuit, a Bell state: two qubits prepared in one shared state, then measured 1,000 times. Each repetition is a shot. On a noiseless simulator about half the shots read ",[219,5481,606],{},[219,5483,609],{},[25,5485,5487],{"href":5486},"\u002Flearn\u002Fquantum-entanglement","Quantum entanglement"," explains the state itself; from one example to the next, only the syntax changes.",[36,5490,5492],{"id":5491},"languages-sdks-and-instruction-formats","Languages, SDKs and instruction formats",[15,5494,5495],{},"Quantum toolkits come in three kinds.",[49,5497,5498,5504,5510],{},[52,5499,5500,5503],{},[55,5501,5502],{},"SDKs"," are libraries for a general-purpose language, nearly always Python. You build a circuit with function calls and send it to a backend: a simulator or a quantum computer. Eight of the ten toolkits in the table below are SDKs, among them Qiskit, Cirq and PennyLane.",[52,5505,5506,5509],{},[55,5507,5508],{},"Quantum programming languages"," have their own syntax and compiler. Q# ships with Microsoft's Quantum Development Kit; Silq and Quipper come from research groups.",[52,5511,5512,5515],{},[55,5513,5514],{},"Instruction formats"," are the text a circuit compiles to, saved and exchanged between tools. OpenQASM is the open one Qiskit reads and writes; Quil is Rigetti's.",[15,5517,5518],{},"Every toolkit in the table below can be driven from Python, so choosing a quantum programming language mostly means choosing an SDK.",[36,5520,5522],{"id":5521},"how-the-toolkits-compare","How the toolkits compare",[650,5524,5525,5538],{},[653,5526,5527],{},[656,5528,5529,5532,5535],{},[659,5530,5531],{},"Toolkit",[659,5533,5534],{},"Built for",[659,5536,5537],{},"Where this example runs",[675,5539,5540,5551,5562,5573,5584,5594,5604,5614,5624,5634],{},[656,5541,5542,5545,5548],{},[680,5543,5544],{},"Qiskit (IBM SDK)",[680,5546,5547],{},"Writing circuits and running them on IBM, IonQ and Amazon Braket hardware through add-on provider packages",[680,5549,5550],{},"Qollab, on the backend you pick",[656,5552,5553,5556,5559],{},[680,5554,5555],{},"OpenQASM (open instruction format)",[680,5557,5558],{},"Saving a circuit as text and moving it between tools",[680,5560,5561],{},"Qollab, loaded by Qiskit",[656,5563,5564,5567,5570],{},[680,5565,5566],{},"Cirq (Google Quantum AI SDK)",[680,5568,5569],{},"Circuits with explicit control over gate timing and qubit layout",[680,5571,5572],{},"Qollab, on Cirq's own simulator",[656,5574,5575,5578,5581],{},[680,5576,5577],{},"PennyLane (Xanadu SDK)",[680,5579,5580],{},"Quantum machine learning: circuits you can differentiate and train with PyTorch or JAX",[680,5582,5583],{},"Your machine",[656,5585,5586,5589,5592],{},[680,5587,5588],{},"Q# (Microsoft language)",[680,5590,5591],{},"Algorithms written as typed programs, and estimates of the hardware an algorithm would need",[680,5593,5583],{},[656,5595,5596,5599,5602],{},[680,5597,5598],{},"Amazon Braket SDK (AWS)",[680,5600,5601],{},"Projects that send circuits to the quantum computers on Amazon Braket",[680,5603,5583],{},[656,5605,5606,5609,5612],{},[680,5607,5608],{},"pytket (Quantinuum SDK and compiler)",[680,5610,5611],{},"Optimizing circuits and retargeting them to different machines",[680,5613,5583],{},[656,5615,5616,5619,5622],{},[680,5617,5618],{},"pyQuil (Rigetti SDK)",[680,5620,5621],{},"Rigetti hardware and the Quil instruction format",[680,5623,5583],{},[656,5625,5626,5629,5632],{},[680,5627,5628],{},"CUDA-Q (NVIDIA SDK, Python and C++)",[680,5630,5631],{},"Simulating circuits on NVIDIA GPUs, and combining quantum code with Python or C++ programs",[680,5633,5583],{},[656,5635,5636,5639,5642],{},[680,5637,5638],{},"Qibo (Qibo team SDK)",[680,5640,5641],{},"Fast simulation, and lab control through its Qibolab package",[680,5643,5583],{},[36,5645,5647],{"id":5646},"which-quantum-programming-language-should-you-learn-first","Which quantum programming language should you learn first?",[15,5649,5650],{},"If you write Python and want hardware runs soon, start with Qiskit. Provider packages connect it to IBM, IonQ and Amazon Braket hardware. Qollab's playground runs it on every simulator in the Run dialog and on IonQ hardware.",[15,5652,5653],{},"PennyLane fits quantum machine learning, because its circuits plug into PyTorch and JAX training loops. CUDA-Q fits GPU clusters and C++ codebases. Q# fits algorithm work that needs an estimate of the hardware an algorithm would need on future machines.",[15,5655,5656],{},"Gates read almost the same in most SDKs below; the setup code, the measurement and the call that runs the circuit differ.",[36,5658,5660],{"id":5659},"run-the-bell-state-on-qollab","Run the Bell state on Qollab",[15,5662,5663,5665,5666,5668,5669,5671],{},[55,5664,968],{}," under each of the four examples below opens its project page on Qollab, with the files and package requirements already in place. Press ",[55,5667,968],{}," on that page to open the Run dialog, headed Select QPU. Pick the built-in simulator for a first run and press ",[55,5670,4391],{},"; the counts print in the console. The OpenQASM and Cirq examples print a drawing of the circuit first.",[15,5673,5674],{},"Without an account you get one run; sign in with Google or GitHub to keep running. The playground runs Python through a browser feature called WebAssembly JSPI, found in a recent Chrome, Edge or Opera, or Firefox 153 or later. In a browser without it, Qollab keeps Run disabled; open the example in one of those browsers instead. The first run in a session loads Python and the example's packages, so it takes longer than the runs after it.",[194,5676,5678],{"id":5677},"qiskit-in-python","Qiskit, in Python",[15,5680,5681,5682,5684,5685,5687,5688,5690,5691,34],{},"Qiskit is IBM's open-source SDK, and every Qollab project has it installed. ",[219,5683,457],{}," already exists when your code starts: it is the machine you pick in the Run dialog. That can be the built-in simulator, the AWS Braket local simulator, an IBM or IonQ noise-model simulator, or IonQ's Forte quantum computers, which ",[25,5686,4078],{"href":1211},". A noise-model simulator copies a real machine's errors, so a few shots read ",[219,5689,598],{}," or ",[219,5692,602],{},[226,5694,5695],{"name":805,"tag":4208,"no-picker":236,"run-href":807},[231,5696,5697],{"className":233,"code":4211,"language":235,"meta":236,"style":236},[219,5698,5699,5703,5713,5717,5737,5751,5769,5795,5799,5819,5835],{"__ignoreMap":236},[240,5700,5701],{"class":242,"line":243},[240,5702,817],{"class":309},[240,5704,5705,5707,5709,5711],{"class":242,"line":260},[240,5706,247],{"class":246},[240,5708,251],{"class":250},[240,5710,254],{"class":246},[240,5712,257],{"class":250},[240,5714,5715],{"class":242,"line":273},[240,5716,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,5718,5719,5721,5723,5725,5727,5729,5731,5733,5735],{"class":242,"line":286},[240,5720,379],{"class":250},[240,5722,320],{"class":319},[240,5724,384],{"class":323},[240,5726,344],{"class":250},[240,5728,389],{"class":353},[240,5730,357],{"class":250},[240,5732,389],{"class":353},[240,5734,4250],{"class":250},[240,5736,4253],{"class":309},[240,5738,5739,5741,5743,5745,5747,5749],{"class":242,"line":299},[240,5740,397],{"class":250},[240,5742,400],{"class":323},[240,5744,344],{"class":250},[240,5746,405],{"class":353},[240,5748,4266],{"class":250},[240,5750,4269],{"class":309},[240,5752,5753,5755,5757,5759,5761,5763,5765,5767],{"class":242,"line":306},[240,5754,397],{"class":250},[240,5756,415],{"class":323},[240,5758,344],{"class":250},[240,5760,405],{"class":353},[240,5762,357],{"class":250},[240,5764,424],{"class":353},[240,5766,4286],{"class":250},[240,5768,4289],{"class":309},[240,5770,5771,5773,5775,5777,5779,5781,5783,5785,5787,5789,5791,5793],{"class":242,"line":313},[240,5772,397],{"class":250},[240,5774,884],{"class":323},[240,5776,887],{"class":250},[240,5778,405],{"class":353},[240,5780,357],{"class":250},[240,5782,424],{"class":353},[240,5784,896],{"class":250},[240,5786,405],{"class":353},[240,5788,357],{"class":250},[240,5790,424],{"class":353},[240,5792,4314],{"class":250},[240,5794,4317],{"class":309},[240,5796,5797],{"class":242,"line":330},[240,5798,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,5800,5801,5803,5805,5807,5809,5811,5813,5815,5817],{"class":242,"line":371},[240,5802,502],{"class":250},[240,5804,320],{"class":319},[240,5806,918],{"class":250},[240,5808,485],{"class":323},[240,5810,923],{"class":250},[240,5812,525],{"class":347},[240,5814,320],{"class":319},[240,5816,530],{"class":353},[240,5818,368],{"class":250},[240,5820,5821,5823,5825,5827,5829,5831,5833],{"class":242,"line":376},[240,5822,556],{"class":250},[240,5824,320],{"class":319},[240,5826,561],{"class":250},[240,5828,564],{"class":323},[240,5830,944],{"class":250},[240,5832,575],{"class":323},[240,5834,327],{"class":250},[240,5836,5837,5839,5841],{"class":242,"line":394},[240,5838,538],{"class":319},[240,5840,585],{"class":250},[240,5842,4366],{"class":309},[15,5844,5845,5848,5849,5851,5852,34],{},[219,5846,5847],{},"{'00': 502, '11': 498}"," means 502 shots read ",[219,5850,606],{}," and 498 read ",[219,5853,609],{},[194,5855,5857],{"id":5856},"qiskit-in-javascript","Qiskit, in JavaScript",[15,5859,5860,5861,599,5864,5866,5867,5869,5870,5873,5874,357,5877,5880,5881,5884,5885,5889],{},"A JS project calls the same Qiskit from JavaScript. ",[219,5862,5863],{},"index.html",[219,5865,4408],{}," at the top level make a project a JS project; ",[219,5868,4408],{}," imports from ",[219,5871,5872],{},"qiskit"," and writes into the page. Constructors are called without ",[219,5875,5876],{},"new",[219,5878,5879],{},"run()"," is awaited, and ",[219,5882,5883],{},".toJs()"," turns the Python result into a plain JavaScript object. ",[25,5886,5888],{"href":5887},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdocs\u002Fjs-qiskit-projects","JS \u002F Qiskit projects"," lists the conventions.",[226,5891,5893],{"name":4408,"tag":5892,"no-picker":236,"run-href":4403},"JavaScript · Qiskit",[231,5894,5898],{"className":5895,"code":5896,"language":5897,"meta":236,"style":236},"language-js shiki shiki-themes one-dark-pro","\u002F\u002F 'backend' is pre-created for you in the Qollab Playground.\n\u002F\u002F index.html holds \u003Cpre id=\"counts\">\u003C\u002Fpre>.\nimport { QuantumCircuit } from 'qiskit';\n\nconst circuit = QuantumCircuit(2, 2);   \u002F\u002F no `new`, as in Python\ncircuit.h(0);\ncircuit.cx(0, 1);\ncircuit.measure([0, 1], [0, 1]);\n\nconst job = await backend.run(circuit, { shots: 1000 });\nconst counts = (await job.result()).get_counts().toJs();\nconst text = JSON.stringify(counts);\nconsole.log(text);\ndocument.getElementById('counts').textContent = text;\n","js",[219,5899,5900,5905,5910,5915,5919,5924,5929,5934,5939,5943,5948,5953,5958,5963],{"__ignoreMap":236},[240,5901,5902],{"class":242,"line":243},[240,5903,5904],{},"\u002F\u002F 'backend' is pre-created for you in the Qollab Playground.\n",[240,5906,5907],{"class":242,"line":260},[240,5908,5909],{},"\u002F\u002F index.html holds \u003Cpre id=\"counts\">\u003C\u002Fpre>.\n",[240,5911,5912],{"class":242,"line":273},[240,5913,5914],{},"import { QuantumCircuit } from 'qiskit';\n",[240,5916,5917],{"class":242,"line":286},[240,5918,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,5920,5921],{"class":242,"line":299},[240,5922,5923],{},"const circuit = QuantumCircuit(2, 2);   \u002F\u002F no `new`, as in Python\n",[240,5925,5926],{"class":242,"line":306},[240,5927,5928],{},"circuit.h(0);\n",[240,5930,5931],{"class":242,"line":313},[240,5932,5933],{},"circuit.cx(0, 1);\n",[240,5935,5936],{"class":242,"line":330},[240,5937,5938],{},"circuit.measure([0, 1], [0, 1]);\n",[240,5940,5941],{"class":242,"line":371},[240,5942,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,5944,5945],{"class":242,"line":376},[240,5946,5947],{},"const job = await backend.run(circuit, { shots: 1000 });\n",[240,5949,5950],{"class":242,"line":394},[240,5951,5952],{},"const counts = (await job.result()).get_counts().toJs();\n",[240,5954,5955],{"class":242,"line":410},[240,5956,5957],{},"const text = JSON.stringify(counts);\n",[240,5959,5960],{"class":242,"line":429},[240,5961,5962],{},"console.log(text);\n",[240,5964,5965],{"class":242,"line":439},[240,5966,5967],{},"document.getElementById('counts').textContent = text;\n",[194,5969,5971],{"id":5970},"openqasm","OpenQASM",[15,5973,5974,5975,5978,5979,5982,5983,5986,5987,5990,5991,34],{},"OpenQASM describes a circuit as plain text. Qiskit reads OpenQASM 3 with ",[219,5976,5977],{},"qasm3.loads",", which needs the ",[219,5980,5981],{},"qiskit-qasm3-import"," package; the linked project lists it in ",[219,5984,5985],{},"requirements.txt",". For older OpenQASM 2.0 text, ",[219,5988,5989],{},"qasm2.loads"," works the same way and needs no extra package. A loaded circuit is an ordinary Qiskit circuit, so it runs on the same ",[219,5992,457],{},[226,5994,5997],{"name":805,"tag":5995,"no-picker":236,"run-href":5996},"Python · OpenQASM","\u002Fu\u002Fqollab\u002Fbell-state-openqasm",[231,5998,6000],{"className":233,"code":5999,"language":235,"meta":236,"style":236},"# 'backend' is pre-created for you in the Qollab Playground.\nfrom qiskit import qasm3\n\nbell = \"\"\"\nOPENQASM 3.0;\ninclude \"stdgates.inc\";\nqubit[2] q;\nbit[2] c;\nh q[0];\ncx q[0], q[1];\nc = measure q;\n\"\"\"\n\ncircuit = qasm3.loads(bell)\nprint(circuit)\ncounts = backend.run(circuit, shots=1000).result().get_counts()\nprint(counts)\n",[219,6001,6002,6006,6017,6021,6032,6037,6042,6047,6052,6057,6062,6067,6072,6076,6092,6099,6129],{"__ignoreMap":236},[240,6003,6004],{"class":242,"line":243},[240,6005,817],{"class":309},[240,6007,6008,6010,6012,6014],{"class":242,"line":260},[240,6009,247],{"class":246},[240,6011,251],{"class":250},[240,6013,254],{"class":246},[240,6015,6016],{"class":250}," qasm3\n",[240,6018,6019],{"class":242,"line":273},[240,6020,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,6022,6023,6026,6028],{"class":242,"line":286},[240,6024,6025],{"class":250},"bell ",[240,6027,320],{"class":319},[240,6029,6031],{"class":6030},"subq3"," \"\"\"\n",[240,6033,6034],{"class":242,"line":299},[240,6035,6036],{"class":6030},"OPENQASM 3.0;\n",[240,6038,6039],{"class":242,"line":306},[240,6040,6041],{"class":6030},"include \"stdgates.inc\";\n",[240,6043,6044],{"class":242,"line":313},[240,6045,6046],{"class":6030},"qubit[2] q;\n",[240,6048,6049],{"class":242,"line":330},[240,6050,6051],{"class":6030},"bit[2] c;\n",[240,6053,6054],{"class":242,"line":371},[240,6055,6056],{"class":6030},"h q[0];\n",[240,6058,6059],{"class":242,"line":376},[240,6060,6061],{"class":6030},"cx q[0], q[1];\n",[240,6063,6064],{"class":242,"line":394},[240,6065,6066],{"class":6030},"c = measure q;\n",[240,6068,6069],{"class":242,"line":410},[240,6070,6071],{"class":6030},"\"\"\"\n",[240,6073,6074],{"class":242,"line":429},[240,6075,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,6077,6078,6081,6083,6086,6089],{"class":242,"line":439},[240,6079,6080],{"class":250},"circuit ",[240,6082,320],{"class":319},[240,6084,6085],{"class":250}," qasm3.",[240,6087,6088],{"class":323},"loads",[240,6090,6091],{"class":250},"(bell)\n",[240,6093,6094,6096],{"class":242,"line":444},[240,6095,538],{"class":319},[240,6097,6098],{"class":250},"(circuit)\n",[240,6100,6101,6103,6105,6107,6109,6112,6114,6116,6118,6121,6123,6125,6127],{"class":242,"line":474},[240,6102,556],{"class":250},[240,6104,320],{"class":319},[240,6106,918],{"class":250},[240,6108,485],{"class":323},[240,6110,6111],{"class":250},"(circuit, ",[240,6113,525],{"class":347},[240,6115,320],{"class":319},[240,6117,530],{"class":353},[240,6119,6120],{"class":250},").",[240,6122,564],{"class":323},[240,6124,944],{"class":250},[240,6126,575],{"class":323},[240,6128,327],{"class":250},[240,6130,6131,6133],{"class":242,"line":494},[240,6132,538],{"class":319},[240,6134,6135],{"class":250},"(counts)\n",[194,6137,5003],{"id":6138},"cirq",[15,6140,6141,6142,6144,6145,6148,6149,6151,6152,6155,6156,6159,6160,599,6162,34],{},"Cirq is Google Quantum AI's Python SDK. On Qollab it installs from the project's ",[219,6143,5985],{},", which the linked project already includes (",[219,6146,6147],{},"cirq-core==1.7.0","), and runs on Cirq's own simulator, inside your browser. Cirq does not use ",[219,6150,457],{},", so pick the built-in simulator in the Run dialog; that choice loads no extra provider packages. Cirq's first run loads the most packages of the four examples. The measurement is stored under the key ",[219,6153,6154],{},"m",", and the small ",[219,6157,6158],{},"bitstring"," helper labels the totals ",[219,6161,606],{},[219,6163,609],{},[226,6165,6168],{"name":805,"tag":6166,"no-picker":236,"run-href":6167},"Python · Cirq","\u002Fu\u002Fqollab\u002Fbell-state-cirq",[231,6169,6171],{"className":233,"code":6170,"language":235,"meta":236,"style":236},"# Cirq runs on its own simulator here.\n# In the Run dialog, pick the built-in simulator.\nimport cirq\n\nq0, q1 = cirq.LineQubit.range(2)\ncircuit = cirq.Circuit(\n    cirq.H(q0),\n    cirq.CNOT(q0, q1),\n    cirq.measure(q0, q1, key=\"m\"),\n)\nprint(circuit)\n\ndef bitstring(bits):\n    return \"\".join(str(int(b)) for b in bits)\n\nresult = cirq.Simulator().run(circuit, repetitions=1000)\nprint(result.histogram(key=\"m\", fold_func=bitstring))\n",[219,6172,6173,6178,6183,6190,6194,6213,6228,6239,6249,6269,6273,6279,6283,6300,6338,6342,6368],{"__ignoreMap":236},[240,6174,6175],{"class":242,"line":243},[240,6176,6177],{"class":309},"# Cirq runs on its own simulator here.\n",[240,6179,6180],{"class":242,"line":260},[240,6181,6182],{"class":309},"# In the Run dialog, pick the built-in simulator.\n",[240,6184,6185,6187],{"class":242,"line":273},[240,6186,254],{"class":246},[240,6188,6189],{"class":250}," cirq\n",[240,6191,6192],{"class":242,"line":286},[240,6193,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,6195,6196,6199,6201,6204,6207,6209,6211],{"class":242,"line":299},[240,6197,6198],{"class":250},"q0, q1 ",[240,6200,320],{"class":319},[240,6202,6203],{"class":250}," cirq.LineQubit.",[240,6205,6206],{"class":323},"range",[240,6208,344],{"class":250},[240,6210,389],{"class":353},[240,6212,368],{"class":250},[240,6214,6215,6217,6219,6222,6225],{"class":242,"line":306},[240,6216,6080],{"class":250},[240,6218,320],{"class":319},[240,6220,6221],{"class":250}," cirq.",[240,6223,6224],{"class":323},"Circuit",[240,6226,6227],{"class":250},"(\n",[240,6229,6230,6233,6236],{"class":242,"line":313},[240,6231,6232],{"class":250},"    cirq.",[240,6234,6235],{"class":323},"H",[240,6237,6238],{"class":250},"(q0),\n",[240,6240,6241,6243,6246],{"class":242,"line":330},[240,6242,6232],{"class":250},[240,6244,6245],{"class":323},"CNOT",[240,6247,6248],{"class":250},"(q0, q1),\n",[240,6250,6251,6253,6255,6258,6261,6263,6266],{"class":242,"line":371},[240,6252,6232],{"class":250},[240,6254,884],{"class":323},[240,6256,6257],{"class":250},"(q0, q1, ",[240,6259,6260],{"class":347},"key",[240,6262,320],{"class":319},[240,6264,6265],{"class":6030},"\"m\"",[240,6267,6268],{"class":250},"),\n",[240,6270,6271],{"class":242,"line":376},[240,6272,368],{"class":250},[240,6274,6275,6277],{"class":242,"line":394},[240,6276,538],{"class":319},[240,6278,6098],{"class":250},[240,6280,6281],{"class":242,"line":410},[240,6282,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,6284,6285,6288,6291,6293,6297],{"class":242,"line":429},[240,6286,6287],{"class":246},"def",[240,6289,6290],{"class":323}," bitstring",[240,6292,344],{"class":250},[240,6294,6296],{"class":6295},"sb9H8","bits",[240,6298,6299],{"class":250},"):\n",[240,6301,6302,6305,6308,6310,6313,6315,6318,6320,6323,6326,6329,6332,6335],{"class":242,"line":439},[240,6303,6304],{"class":246},"    return",[240,6306,6307],{"class":6030}," \"\"",[240,6309,34],{"class":250},[240,6311,6312],{"class":323},"join",[240,6314,344],{"class":250},[240,6316,6317],{"class":319},"str",[240,6319,344],{"class":250},[240,6321,6322],{"class":319},"int",[240,6324,6325],{"class":250},"(b)) ",[240,6327,6328],{"class":246},"for",[240,6330,6331],{"class":250}," b ",[240,6333,6334],{"class":246},"in",[240,6336,6337],{"class":250}," bits)\n",[240,6339,6340],{"class":242,"line":444},[240,6341,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,6343,6344,6347,6349,6351,6353,6355,6357,6359,6362,6364,6366],{"class":242,"line":474},[240,6345,6346],{"class":250},"result ",[240,6348,320],{"class":319},[240,6350,6221],{"class":250},[240,6352,4422],{"class":323},[240,6354,944],{"class":250},[240,6356,485],{"class":323},[240,6358,6111],{"class":250},[240,6360,6361],{"class":347},"repetitions",[240,6363,320],{"class":319},[240,6365,530],{"class":353},[240,6367,368],{"class":250},[240,6369,6370,6372,6375,6378,6380,6382,6384,6386,6388,6391,6393],{"class":242,"line":494},[240,6371,538],{"class":319},[240,6373,6374],{"class":250},"(result.",[240,6376,6377],{"class":323},"histogram",[240,6379,344],{"class":250},[240,6381,6260],{"class":347},[240,6383,320],{"class":319},[240,6385,6265],{"class":6030},[240,6387,357],{"class":250},[240,6389,6390],{"class":347},"fold_func",[240,6392,320],{"class":319},[240,6394,6395],{"class":250},"bitstring))\n",[36,6397,6399],{"id":6398},"the-bell-state-in-other-toolkits","The Bell state in other toolkits",[15,6401,6402,6403,6407],{},"The toolkits below run on your own machine, each on a local simulator. The ",[25,6404,6406],{"href":6405},"#a-snapshot-october-2026","snapshot"," lists each toolkit's version.",[194,6409,6411],{"id":6410},"q","Q#",[15,6413,6414,6415,6418,6419,6421,6422,6425,6426,6429,6430,6433,6434,6437,6438,6441],{},"Q# is Microsoft's quantum programming language, part of the Quantum Development Kit (QDK). Install the QDK extension for VS Code to write and run ",[219,6416,6417],{},".qs"," files, or the Python package with ",[219,6420,5077],{},". In VS Code, click ",[55,6423,6424],{},"Histogram"," above ",[219,6427,6428],{},"Main"," and enter 1,000 shots. Microsoft's older ",[219,6431,6432],{},"qsharp"," package is now a compatibility layer over ",[219,6435,6436],{},"qdk",", so tutorials that ",[219,6439,6440],{},"import qsharp"," still run.",[226,6443,6446],{"name":6444,"tag":6445},"bell.qs","Q# · install locally",[231,6447,6452],{"className":6448,"code":6450,"language":6451,"meta":236},[6449],"language-text","import Std.Measurement.*;\n\noperation Main() : (Result, Result) {\n    use (q0, q1) = (Qubit(), Qubit());\n    H(q0);\n    CNOT(q0, q1);\n    (MResetZ(q0), MResetZ(q1))\n}\n","text",[219,6453,6450],{"__ignoreMap":236},[15,6455,6456,6457,6460,6461,6464,6465,6468],{},"The program measures both qubits with ",[219,6458,6459],{},"MResetZ",", which also resets them, and returns one pair of results. From Python, ",[219,6462,6463],{},"qsharp.run"," repeats it 1,000 times, and ",[219,6466,6467],{},"Counter"," tallies the pairs:",[226,6470,6473],{"name":6471,"tag":6472},"run_bell.py","Python · QDK",[231,6474,6476],{"className":233,"code":6475,"language":235,"meta":236,"style":236},"from collections import Counter\nfrom pathlib import Path\nfrom qdk import qsharp\n\nqsharp.eval(Path(\"bell.qs\").read_text())\nprint(Counter(qsharp.run(\"Main()\", shots=1000)))   # (Zero, Zero) and (One, One)\n",[219,6477,6478,6490,6502,6514,6518,6544],{"__ignoreMap":236},[240,6479,6480,6482,6485,6487],{"class":242,"line":243},[240,6481,247],{"class":246},[240,6483,6484],{"class":250}," collections ",[240,6486,254],{"class":246},[240,6488,6489],{"class":250}," Counter\n",[240,6491,6492,6494,6497,6499],{"class":242,"line":260},[240,6493,247],{"class":246},[240,6495,6496],{"class":250}," pathlib ",[240,6498,254],{"class":246},[240,6500,6501],{"class":250}," Path\n",[240,6503,6504,6506,6509,6511],{"class":242,"line":273},[240,6505,247],{"class":246},[240,6507,6508],{"class":250}," qdk ",[240,6510,254],{"class":246},[240,6512,6513],{"class":250}," qsharp\n",[240,6515,6516],{"class":242,"line":286},[240,6517,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,6519,6520,6523,6526,6528,6531,6533,6536,6538,6541],{"class":242,"line":299},[240,6521,6522],{"class":250},"qsharp.",[240,6524,6525],{"class":323},"eval",[240,6527,344],{"class":250},[240,6529,6530],{"class":323},"Path",[240,6532,344],{"class":250},[240,6534,6535],{"class":6030},"\"bell.qs\"",[240,6537,6120],{"class":250},[240,6539,6540],{"class":323},"read_text",[240,6542,6543],{"class":250},"())\n",[240,6545,6546,6548,6550,6552,6555,6557,6559,6562,6564,6566,6568,6570,6573],{"class":242,"line":306},[240,6547,538],{"class":319},[240,6549,344],{"class":250},[240,6551,6467],{"class":323},[240,6553,6554],{"class":250},"(qsharp.",[240,6556,485],{"class":323},[240,6558,344],{"class":250},[240,6560,6561],{"class":6030},"\"Main()\"",[240,6563,357],{"class":250},[240,6565,525],{"class":347},[240,6567,320],{"class":319},[240,6569,530],{"class":353},[240,6571,6572],{"class":250},")))   ",[240,6574,6575],{"class":309},"# (Zero, Zero) and (One, One)\n",[194,6577,5024],{"id":6578},"pennylane",[15,6580,6581,6582,6585,6586,6589,6590,6593,6594,6597,6598,6601,6602,34],{},"PennyLane is Xanadu's SDK for differentiable circuits. Install it with ",[219,6583,6584],{},"pip install pennylane",". The device is the simulator and the decorated function builds the circuit. Returning ",[219,6587,6588],{},"qp.counts()"," asks for the measured totals, so there is no separate measure line; calling ",[219,6591,6592],{},"bell()"," runs the circuit and returns them. ",[219,6595,6596],{},"set_shots"," sets the 1,000 shots. PennyLane's docs import the package as ",[219,6599,6600],{},"qp","; older code uses ",[219,6603,6604],{},"qml",[226,6606,6609],{"name":6607,"tag":6608},"bell.py","Python · PennyLane",[231,6610,6612],{"className":233,"code":6611,"language":235,"meta":236,"style":236},"import pennylane as qp\n\ndev = qp.device(\"default.qubit\", wires=2)\n\n@qp.set_shots(1000)\n@qp.qnode(dev)\ndef bell():\n    qp.Hadamard(wires=0)\n    qp.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])\n    return qp.counts()\n\nprint(bell())\n",[219,6613,6614,6627,6631,6660,6664,6679,6695,6705,6723,6746,6757,6761],{"__ignoreMap":236},[240,6615,6616,6618,6621,6624],{"class":242,"line":243},[240,6617,254],{"class":246},[240,6619,6620],{"class":250}," pennylane ",[240,6622,6623],{"class":246},"as",[240,6625,6626],{"class":250}," qp\n",[240,6628,6629],{"class":242,"line":260},[240,6630,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,6632,6633,6636,6638,6641,6644,6646,6649,6651,6654,6656,6658],{"class":242,"line":273},[240,6634,6635],{"class":250},"dev ",[240,6637,320],{"class":319},[240,6639,6640],{"class":250}," qp.",[240,6642,6643],{"class":323},"device",[240,6645,344],{"class":250},[240,6647,6648],{"class":6030},"\"default.qubit\"",[240,6650,357],{"class":250},[240,6652,6653],{"class":347},"wires",[240,6655,320],{"class":319},[240,6657,389],{"class":353},[240,6659,368],{"class":250},[240,6661,6662],{"class":242,"line":286},[240,6663,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,6665,6666,6669,6671,6673,6675,6677],{"class":242,"line":299},[240,6667,6668],{"class":323},"@qp",[240,6670,34],{"class":250},[240,6672,6596],{"class":323},[240,6674,344],{"class":250},[240,6676,530],{"class":353},[240,6678,368],{"class":250},[240,6680,6681,6683,6685,6688,6690,6693],{"class":242,"line":306},[240,6682,6668],{"class":323},[240,6684,34],{"class":250},[240,6686,6687],{"class":323},"qnode",[240,6689,344],{"class":250},[240,6691,6692],{"class":323},"dev",[240,6694,368],{"class":250},[240,6696,6697,6699,6702],{"class":242,"line":313},[240,6698,6287],{"class":246},[240,6700,6701],{"class":323}," bell",[240,6703,6704],{"class":250},"():\n",[240,6706,6707,6710,6713,6715,6717,6719,6721],{"class":242,"line":330},[240,6708,6709],{"class":250},"    qp.",[240,6711,6712],{"class":323},"Hadamard",[240,6714,344],{"class":250},[240,6716,6653],{"class":347},[240,6718,320],{"class":319},[240,6720,405],{"class":353},[240,6722,368],{"class":250},[240,6724,6725,6727,6729,6731,6733,6735,6738,6740,6742,6744],{"class":242,"line":371},[240,6726,6709],{"class":250},[240,6728,6245],{"class":323},[240,6730,344],{"class":250},[240,6732,6653],{"class":347},[240,6734,320],{"class":319},[240,6736,6737],{"class":250},"[",[240,6739,405],{"class":353},[240,6741,357],{"class":250},[240,6743,424],{"class":353},[240,6745,905],{"class":250},[240,6747,6748,6750,6752,6755],{"class":242,"line":376},[240,6749,6304],{"class":246},[240,6751,6640],{"class":250},[240,6753,6754],{"class":323},"counts",[240,6756,327],{"class":250},[240,6758,6759],{"class":242,"line":394},[240,6760,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,6762,6763,6765,6767,6770],{"class":242,"line":410},[240,6764,538],{"class":319},[240,6766,344],{"class":250},[240,6768,6769],{"class":323},"bell",[240,6771,6543],{"class":250},[194,6773,6775],{"id":6774},"amazon-braket-sdk","Amazon Braket SDK",[15,6777,6778,6779,6781],{},"The Amazon Braket SDK builds circuits for the quantum computers on Amazon Braket. Install it with ",[219,6780,690],{},"; the local simulator needs no AWS account. The circuit needs no measure line: the result counts both qubits.",[226,6783,6785],{"name":6607,"tag":6784},"Python · Braket SDK",[231,6786,6788],{"className":233,"code":6787,"language":235,"meta":236,"style":236},"from braket.circuits import Circuit\nfrom braket.devices import LocalSimulator\n\nbell = Circuit()\nbell.h(0)\nbell.cnot(0, 1)\nresult = LocalSimulator().run(bell, shots=1000).result()\nprint(result.measurement_counts)\n",[219,6789,6790,6802,6814,6818,6829,6842,6859,6887],{"__ignoreMap":236},[240,6791,6792,6794,6797,6799],{"class":242,"line":243},[240,6793,247],{"class":246},[240,6795,6796],{"class":250}," braket.circuits ",[240,6798,254],{"class":246},[240,6800,6801],{"class":250}," Circuit\n",[240,6803,6804,6806,6809,6811],{"class":242,"line":260},[240,6805,247],{"class":246},[240,6807,6808],{"class":250}," braket.devices ",[240,6810,254],{"class":246},[240,6812,6813],{"class":250}," LocalSimulator\n",[240,6815,6816],{"class":242,"line":273},[240,6817,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,6819,6820,6822,6824,6827],{"class":242,"line":286},[240,6821,6025],{"class":250},[240,6823,320],{"class":319},[240,6825,6826],{"class":323}," Circuit",[240,6828,327],{"class":250},[240,6830,6831,6834,6836,6838,6840],{"class":242,"line":299},[240,6832,6833],{"class":250},"bell.",[240,6835,400],{"class":323},[240,6837,344],{"class":250},[240,6839,405],{"class":353},[240,6841,368],{"class":250},[240,6843,6844,6846,6849,6851,6853,6855,6857],{"class":242,"line":306},[240,6845,6833],{"class":250},[240,6847,6848],{"class":323},"cnot",[240,6850,344],{"class":250},[240,6852,405],{"class":353},[240,6854,357],{"class":250},[240,6856,424],{"class":353},[240,6858,368],{"class":250},[240,6860,6861,6863,6865,6868,6870,6872,6875,6877,6879,6881,6883,6885],{"class":242,"line":313},[240,6862,6346],{"class":250},[240,6864,320],{"class":319},[240,6866,6867],{"class":323}," LocalSimulator",[240,6869,944],{"class":250},[240,6871,485],{"class":323},[240,6873,6874],{"class":250},"(bell, ",[240,6876,525],{"class":347},[240,6878,320],{"class":319},[240,6880,530],{"class":353},[240,6882,6120],{"class":250},[240,6884,564],{"class":323},[240,6886,327],{"class":250},[240,6888,6889,6891],{"class":242,"line":330},[240,6890,538],{"class":319},[240,6892,6893],{"class":250},"(result.measurement_counts)\n",[194,6895,6896],{"id":6896},"pytket",[15,6898,6899,6900,4491,6903,6906],{},"pytket is Quantinuum's SDK and compiler. It has no simulator of its own, so this example runs on Qiskit Aer through the pytket-qiskit extension: ",[219,6901,6902],{},"pip install \"pytket-qiskit[aer]\"",[219,6904,6905],{},"measure_all()"," adds the measurement Qiskit writes as a separate line.",[226,6908,6910],{"name":6607,"tag":6909},"Python · pytket",[231,6911,6913],{"className":233,"code":6912,"language":235,"meta":236,"style":236},"from pytket import Circuit\nfrom pytket.extensions.qiskit import AerBackend\n\ncircuit = Circuit(2)\ncircuit.H(0)\ncircuit.CX(0, 1)\ncircuit.measure_all()        # measures every qubit into its own bit\nresult = AerBackend().run_circuit(circuit, n_shots=1000)\nprint(result.get_counts())   # keys are bit tuples: (0, 0) and (1, 1)\n",[219,6914,6915,6926,6938,6942,6956,6969,6986,6998,7023],{"__ignoreMap":236},[240,6916,6917,6919,6922,6924],{"class":242,"line":243},[240,6918,247],{"class":246},[240,6920,6921],{"class":250}," pytket ",[240,6923,254],{"class":246},[240,6925,6801],{"class":250},[240,6927,6928,6930,6933,6935],{"class":242,"line":260},[240,6929,247],{"class":246},[240,6931,6932],{"class":250}," pytket.extensions.qiskit ",[240,6934,254],{"class":246},[240,6936,6937],{"class":250}," AerBackend\n",[240,6939,6940],{"class":242,"line":273},[240,6941,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,6943,6944,6946,6948,6950,6952,6954],{"class":242,"line":286},[240,6945,6080],{"class":250},[240,6947,320],{"class":319},[240,6949,6826],{"class":323},[240,6951,344],{"class":250},[240,6953,389],{"class":353},[240,6955,368],{"class":250},[240,6957,6958,6961,6963,6965,6967],{"class":242,"line":299},[240,6959,6960],{"class":250},"circuit.",[240,6962,6235],{"class":323},[240,6964,344],{"class":250},[240,6966,405],{"class":353},[240,6968,368],{"class":250},[240,6970,6971,6973,6976,6978,6980,6982,6984],{"class":242,"line":306},[240,6972,6960],{"class":250},[240,6974,6975],{"class":323},"CX",[240,6977,344],{"class":250},[240,6979,405],{"class":353},[240,6981,357],{"class":250},[240,6983,424],{"class":353},[240,6985,368],{"class":250},[240,6987,6988,6990,6992,6995],{"class":242,"line":313},[240,6989,6960],{"class":250},[240,6991,434],{"class":323},[240,6993,6994],{"class":250},"()        ",[240,6996,6997],{"class":309},"# measures every qubit into its own bit\n",[240,6999,7000,7002,7004,7007,7009,7012,7014,7017,7019,7021],{"class":242,"line":330},[240,7001,6346],{"class":250},[240,7003,320],{"class":319},[240,7005,7006],{"class":323}," AerBackend",[240,7008,944],{"class":250},[240,7010,7011],{"class":323},"run_circuit",[240,7013,6111],{"class":250},[240,7015,7016],{"class":347},"n_shots",[240,7018,320],{"class":319},[240,7020,530],{"class":353},[240,7022,368],{"class":250},[240,7024,7025,7027,7029,7031,7034],{"class":242,"line":371},[240,7026,538],{"class":319},[240,7028,6374],{"class":250},[240,7030,575],{"class":323},[240,7032,7033],{"class":250},"())   ",[240,7035,7036],{"class":309},"# keys are bit tuples: (0, 0) and (1, 1)\n",[194,7038,7040],{"id":7039},"pyquil","pyQuil",[15,7042,7043,7044,7047,7048,7051,7052,3474,7055,7058,7059,7062,7063,7067,7068,7071,7072,7075,7076,7078],{},"pyQuil is Rigetti's SDK; programs compile to Quil, Rigetti's instruction format. Install it with ",[219,7045,7046],{},"pip install pyquil","; version 4.22 installs on Python 3.11 and 3.12. Running locally needs two Rigetti servers: start the ",[219,7049,7050],{},"quilc"," compiler with ",[219,7053,7054],{},"quilc -S",[219,7056,7057],{},"qvm"," simulator with ",[219,7060,7061],{},"qvm -S",", each in its own terminal, and leave them running. ",[25,7064,7066],{"href":7065},"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.rigetti.com\u002Fqcs\u002Fgetting-started\u002Finstalling-locally","Rigetti's guide to installing the Quil SDK locally"," covers installing them. In the code, ",[219,7069,7070],{},"ro"," holds the measured answers, ",[219,7073,7074],{},"qc.compile"," prepares the program for the simulator, and ",[219,7077,6467],{}," tallies the rows that come back.",[226,7080,7082],{"name":6607,"tag":7081},"Python · pyQuil",[231,7083,7085],{"className":233,"code":7084,"language":235,"meta":236,"style":236},"from collections import Counter\nfrom pyquil import Program, get_qc\nfrom pyquil.gates import CNOT, H, MEASURE\nfrom pyquil.quilbase import Declare\n\nprogram = Program(\n    Declare(\"ro\", \"BIT\", 2),\n    H(0),\n    CNOT(0, 1),\n    MEASURE(0, (\"ro\", 0)),\n    MEASURE(1, (\"ro\", 1)),\n).wrap_in_numshots_loop(1000)\n\nqc = get_qc(\"2q-qvm\")\nbits = qc.run(qc.compile(program)).get_register_map().get(\"ro\")\nprint(Counter(\"\".join(map(str, row)) for row in bits))\n",[219,7086,7087,7097,7109,7127,7139,7143,7155,7176,7187,7202,7223,7241,7254,7258,7274,7309],{"__ignoreMap":236},[240,7088,7089,7091,7093,7095],{"class":242,"line":243},[240,7090,247],{"class":246},[240,7092,6484],{"class":250},[240,7094,254],{"class":246},[240,7096,6489],{"class":250},[240,7098,7099,7101,7104,7106],{"class":242,"line":260},[240,7100,247],{"class":246},[240,7102,7103],{"class":250}," pyquil ",[240,7105,254],{"class":246},[240,7107,7108],{"class":250}," Program, get_qc\n",[240,7110,7111,7113,7116,7118,7121,7124],{"class":242,"line":273},[240,7112,247],{"class":246},[240,7114,7115],{"class":250}," pyquil.gates ",[240,7117,254],{"class":246},[240,7119,7120],{"class":353}," CNOT",[240,7122,7123],{"class":250},", H, ",[240,7125,7126],{"class":353},"MEASURE\n",[240,7128,7129,7131,7134,7136],{"class":242,"line":286},[240,7130,247],{"class":246},[240,7132,7133],{"class":250}," pyquil.quilbase ",[240,7135,254],{"class":246},[240,7137,7138],{"class":250}," Declare\n",[240,7140,7141],{"class":242,"line":299},[240,7142,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,7144,7145,7148,7150,7153],{"class":242,"line":306},[240,7146,7147],{"class":250},"program ",[240,7149,320],{"class":319},[240,7151,7152],{"class":323}," Program",[240,7154,6227],{"class":250},[240,7156,7157,7160,7162,7165,7167,7170,7172,7174],{"class":242,"line":313},[240,7158,7159],{"class":323},"    Declare",[240,7161,344],{"class":250},[240,7163,7164],{"class":6030},"\"ro\"",[240,7166,357],{"class":250},[240,7168,7169],{"class":6030},"\"BIT\"",[240,7171,357],{"class":250},[240,7173,389],{"class":353},[240,7175,6268],{"class":250},[240,7177,7178,7181,7183,7185],{"class":242,"line":330},[240,7179,7180],{"class":323},"    H",[240,7182,344],{"class":250},[240,7184,405],{"class":353},[240,7186,6268],{"class":250},[240,7188,7189,7192,7194,7196,7198,7200],{"class":242,"line":371},[240,7190,7191],{"class":323},"    CNOT",[240,7193,344],{"class":250},[240,7195,405],{"class":353},[240,7197,357],{"class":250},[240,7199,424],{"class":353},[240,7201,6268],{"class":250},[240,7203,7204,7207,7209,7211,7214,7216,7218,7220],{"class":242,"line":376},[240,7205,7206],{"class":323},"    MEASURE",[240,7208,344],{"class":250},[240,7210,405],{"class":353},[240,7212,7213],{"class":250},", (",[240,7215,7164],{"class":6030},[240,7217,357],{"class":250},[240,7219,405],{"class":353},[240,7221,7222],{"class":250},")),\n",[240,7224,7225,7227,7229,7231,7233,7235,7237,7239],{"class":242,"line":394},[240,7226,7206],{"class":323},[240,7228,344],{"class":250},[240,7230,424],{"class":353},[240,7232,7213],{"class":250},[240,7234,7164],{"class":6030},[240,7236,357],{"class":250},[240,7238,424],{"class":353},[240,7240,7222],{"class":250},[240,7242,7243,7245,7248,7250,7252],{"class":242,"line":410},[240,7244,6120],{"class":250},[240,7246,7247],{"class":323},"wrap_in_numshots_loop",[240,7249,344],{"class":250},[240,7251,530],{"class":353},[240,7253,368],{"class":250},[240,7255,7256],{"class":242,"line":429},[240,7257,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,7259,7260,7262,7264,7267,7269,7272],{"class":242,"line":439},[240,7261,379],{"class":250},[240,7263,320],{"class":319},[240,7265,7266],{"class":323}," get_qc",[240,7268,344],{"class":250},[240,7270,7271],{"class":6030},"\"2q-qvm\"",[240,7273,368],{"class":250},[240,7275,7276,7279,7281,7284,7286,7289,7292,7295,7298,7300,7303,7305,7307],{"class":242,"line":444},[240,7277,7278],{"class":250},"bits ",[240,7280,320],{"class":319},[240,7282,7283],{"class":250}," qc.",[240,7285,485],{"class":323},[240,7287,7288],{"class":250},"(qc.",[240,7290,7291],{"class":323},"compile",[240,7293,7294],{"class":250},"(program)).",[240,7296,7297],{"class":323},"get_register_map",[240,7299,944],{"class":250},[240,7301,7302],{"class":323},"get",[240,7304,344],{"class":250},[240,7306,7164],{"class":6030},[240,7308,368],{"class":250},[240,7310,7311,7313,7315,7317,7319,7322,7324,7326,7328,7331,7333,7335,7338,7340,7343,7345],{"class":242,"line":474},[240,7312,538],{"class":319},[240,7314,344],{"class":250},[240,7316,6467],{"class":323},[240,7318,344],{"class":250},[240,7320,7321],{"class":6030},"\"\"",[240,7323,34],{"class":250},[240,7325,6312],{"class":323},[240,7327,344],{"class":250},[240,7329,7330],{"class":319},"map",[240,7332,344],{"class":250},[240,7334,6317],{"class":319},[240,7336,7337],{"class":250},", row)) ",[240,7339,6328],{"class":246},[240,7341,7342],{"class":250}," row ",[240,7344,6334],{"class":246},[240,7346,7347],{"class":250}," bits))\n",[194,7349,5094],{"id":7350},"cuda-q",[15,7352,7353,7354,357,7356,599,7359,7362,7363,7366],{},"CUDA-Q is NVIDIA's SDK for quantum kernels in Python and C++; a kernel is the decorated function that holds the circuit. Inside it, ",[219,7355,400],{},[219,7357,7358],{},"x.ctrl",[219,7360,7361],{},"mz"," are H, CNOT and measurement. Install the Python package with ",[219,7364,7365],{},"pip install cudaq",". It runs on Linux, and on Apple silicon Macs on the CPU. On Linux it uses an NVIDIA GPU by default when one is present.",[226,7368,7370],{"name":6607,"tag":7369},"Python · CUDA-Q",[231,7371,7373],{"className":233,"code":7372,"language":235,"meta":236,"style":236},"import cudaq\n\n@cudaq.kernel\ndef bell():\n    qubits = cudaq.qvector(2)\n    h(qubits[0])\n    x.ctrl(qubits[0], qubits[1])\n    mz(qubits)\n\nprint(cudaq.sample(bell, shots_count=1000))\n",[219,7374,7375,7382,7386,7396,7404,7423,7435,7454,7462,7466],{"__ignoreMap":236},[240,7376,7377,7379],{"class":242,"line":243},[240,7378,254],{"class":246},[240,7380,7381],{"class":250}," cudaq\n",[240,7383,7384],{"class":242,"line":260},[240,7385,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,7387,7388,7391,7393],{"class":242,"line":273},[240,7389,7390],{"class":323},"@cudaq",[240,7392,34],{"class":250},[240,7394,7395],{"class":323},"kernel\n",[240,7397,7398,7400,7402],{"class":242,"line":286},[240,7399,6287],{"class":246},[240,7401,6701],{"class":323},[240,7403,6704],{"class":250},[240,7405,7406,7409,7411,7414,7417,7419,7421],{"class":242,"line":299},[240,7407,7408],{"class":250},"    qubits ",[240,7410,320],{"class":319},[240,7412,7413],{"class":250}," cudaq.",[240,7415,7416],{"class":323},"qvector",[240,7418,344],{"class":250},[240,7420,389],{"class":353},[240,7422,368],{"class":250},[240,7424,7425,7428,7431,7433],{"class":242,"line":306},[240,7426,7427],{"class":323},"    h",[240,7429,7430],{"class":250},"(qubits[",[240,7432,405],{"class":353},[240,7434,905],{"class":250},[240,7436,7437,7440,7443,7445,7447,7450,7452],{"class":242,"line":313},[240,7438,7439],{"class":250},"    x.",[240,7441,7442],{"class":323},"ctrl",[240,7444,7430],{"class":250},[240,7446,405],{"class":353},[240,7448,7449],{"class":250},"], qubits[",[240,7451,424],{"class":353},[240,7453,905],{"class":250},[240,7455,7456,7459],{"class":242,"line":330},[240,7457,7458],{"class":323},"    mz",[240,7460,7461],{"class":250},"(qubits)\n",[240,7463,7464],{"class":242,"line":371},[240,7465,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,7467,7468,7470,7473,7476,7478,7481,7483,7485],{"class":242,"line":376},[240,7469,538],{"class":319},[240,7471,7472],{"class":250},"(cudaq.",[240,7474,7475],{"class":323},"sample",[240,7477,6874],{"class":250},[240,7479,7480],{"class":347},"shots_count",[240,7482,320],{"class":319},[240,7484,530],{"class":353},[240,7486,7487],{"class":250},"))\n",[194,7489,7491],{"id":7490},"qibo","Qibo",[15,7493,7494,7495,7498,7499,7502,7503,7506],{},"Qibo is an open-source SDK with several simulation backends; its sibling package Qibolab controls lab hardware. Install it with ",[219,7496,7497],{},"pip install qibo","; the current release supports Python 3.10 to 3.13. ",[219,7500,7501],{},"gates.M"," measures, calling the circuit runs it, and ",[219,7504,7505],{},"frequencies()"," returns the counts.",[226,7508,7510],{"name":6607,"tag":7509},"Python · Qibo",[231,7511,7513],{"className":233,"code":7512,"language":235,"meta":236,"style":236},"from qibo import Circuit, gates\n\ncircuit = Circuit(2)\ncircuit.add(gates.H(0))\ncircuit.add(gates.CNOT(0, 1))\ncircuit.add(gates.M(0, 1))\nresult = circuit(nshots=1000)\nprint(result.frequencies())\n",[219,7514,7515,7527,7531,7545,7563,7583,7604,7624],{"__ignoreMap":236},[240,7516,7517,7519,7522,7524],{"class":242,"line":243},[240,7518,247],{"class":246},[240,7520,7521],{"class":250}," qibo ",[240,7523,254],{"class":246},[240,7525,7526],{"class":250}," Circuit, gates\n",[240,7528,7529],{"class":242,"line":260},[240,7530,303],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":302},[240,7532,7533,7535,7537,7539,7541,7543],{"class":242,"line":273},[240,7534,6080],{"class":250},[240,7536,320],{"class":319},[240,7538,6826],{"class":323},[240,7540,344],{"class":250},[240,7542,389],{"class":353},[240,7544,368],{"class":250},[240,7546,7547,7549,7552,7555,7557,7559,7561],{"class":242,"line":286},[240,7548,6960],{"class":250},[240,7550,7551],{"class":323},"add",[240,7553,7554],{"class":250},"(gates.",[240,7556,6235],{"class":323},[240,7558,344],{"class":250},[240,7560,405],{"class":353},[240,7562,7487],{"class":250},[240,7564,7565,7567,7569,7571,7573,7575,7577,7579,7581],{"class":242,"line":299},[240,7566,6960],{"class":250},[240,7568,7551],{"class":323},[240,7570,7554],{"class":250},[240,7572,6245],{"class":323},[240,7574,344],{"class":250},[240,7576,405],{"class":353},[240,7578,357],{"class":250},[240,7580,424],{"class":353},[240,7582,7487],{"class":250},[240,7584,7585,7587,7589,7591,7594,7596,7598,7600,7602],{"class":242,"line":306},[240,7586,6960],{"class":250},[240,7588,7551],{"class":323},[240,7590,7554],{"class":250},[240,7592,7593],{"class":323},"M",[240,7595,344],{"class":250},[240,7597,405],{"class":353},[240,7599,357],{"class":250},[240,7601,424],{"class":353},[240,7603,7487],{"class":250},[240,7605,7606,7608,7610,7613,7615,7618,7620,7622],{"class":242,"line":313},[240,7607,6346],{"class":250},[240,7609,320],{"class":319},[240,7611,7612],{"class":323}," circuit",[240,7614,344],{"class":250},[240,7616,7617],{"class":347},"nshots",[240,7619,320],{"class":319},[240,7621,530],{"class":353},[240,7623,368],{"class":250},[240,7625,7626,7628,7630,7633],{"class":242,"line":330},[240,7627,538],{"class":319},[240,7629,6374],{"class":250},[240,7631,7632],{"class":323},"frequencies",[240,7634,6543],{"class":250},[36,7636,7638],{"id":7637},"research-languages-and-specialist-tools","Research languages and specialist tools",[49,7640,7641,7647,7653,7658,7664],{},[52,7642,7643,7646],{},[55,7644,7645],{},"Qmod"," is Classiq's high-level modeling language. You describe what a function should do, and Classiq's engine synthesizes the gates.",[52,7648,7649,7652],{},[55,7650,7651],{},"Bloqade"," is QuEra's Python SDK for its neutral-atom machines.",[52,7654,7655,7657],{},[55,7656,5216],{},", from Google's quantumlib, simulates stabilizer circuits very fast. Stabilizer circuits are a restricted kind used in quantum error correction research.",[52,7659,7660,7663],{},[55,7661,7662],{},"Quipper"," is a functional quantum programming language embedded in Haskell.",[52,7665,7666,7669],{},[55,7667,7668],{},"Silq"," is a typed high-level quantum language from ETH Zurich that cleans up temporary values automatically.",[36,7671,1753],{"id":1752},[1755,7673,7675],{"q":7674},"Is it worth learning quantum programming?",[15,7676,7677,7678,7680],{},"With Python and three ideas (qubits, gates and measurement), you can write a circuit like the Bell state above. You can then run it on a simulator or a quantum computer. The SDK syntax is the smaller part, as the examples on this page show. ",[25,7679,4137],{"href":4136}," is a free Qollab course that starts from one qubit and runs every step in the Code Playground.",[1755,7682,7684],{"q":7683},"Is C++ used for quantum computing?",[15,7685,7686,7687,7690,7691,7694],{},"Yes. CUDA-Q has a C++ API: kernels marked ",[219,7688,7689],{},"__qpu__"," are compiled with NVIDIA's ",[219,7692,7693],{},"nvq++"," compiler. Q# is a separate language with its own compiler, and its syntax borrows from C# and F#.",[1755,7696,7698],{"q":7697},"Why is most quantum code written in Python?",[15,7699,7700,7701,7703],{},"Python builds the circuit and reads the results; the simulation runs in compiled code or on the quantum computer. Every toolkit in the table above can be driven from Python, including Q# through Microsoft's ",[219,7702,6436],{}," package.",[36,7705,1797],{"id":1796},[15,7707,7708],{},"Versions as checked on 13 October 2026. The four Qollab examples ran in Qollab's playground. The others ran on a local simulator, except pyQuil and Qibo, which are shown as their maintainers document them. Check each toolkit's docs before you install.",[650,7710,7711,7726],{},[653,7712,7713],{},[656,7714,7715,7717,7720,7723],{},[659,7716,5531],{},[659,7718,7719],{},"Version",[659,7721,7722],{},"Install",[659,7724,7725],{},"Docs",[675,7727,7728,7747,7764,7784,7804,7820,7837,7854,7875,7892],{},[656,7729,7730,7733,7736,7742],{},[680,7731,7732],{},"Qiskit",[680,7734,7735],{},"2.5.2",[680,7737,7738,7739],{},"in every Qollab project; ",[219,7740,7741],{},"pip install qiskit",[680,7743,7744],{},[25,7745,7732],{"href":7746},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002FQiskit\u002Fqiskit",[656,7748,7749,7751,7754,7759],{},[680,7750,5981],{},[680,7752,7753],{},"0.6.0",[680,7755,7756,7758],{},[219,7757,5985],{}," on Qollab",[680,7760,7761],{},[25,7762,5981],{"href":7763},"https:\u002F\u002Fpypi.org\u002Fproject\u002Fqiskit-qasm3-import\u002F",[656,7765,7766,7768,7771,7779],{},[680,7767,5003],{},[680,7769,7770],{},"1.7.0",[680,7772,7773,7775,7776],{},[219,7774,5985],{}," on Qollab; ",[219,7777,7778],{},"pip install cirq-core",[680,7780,7781],{},[25,7782,5003],{"href":7783},"https:\u002F\u002Fquantumai.google\u002Fcirq",[656,7785,7786,7789,7792,7798],{},[680,7787,7788],{},"Q# (QDK)",[680,7790,7791],{},"1.33.1",[680,7793,7794,7795,7797],{},"Python: ",[219,7796,5077],{},"; VS Code: the QDK extension",[680,7799,7800],{},[25,7801,7803],{"href":7802},"https:\u002F\u002Flearn.microsoft.com\u002Fen-us\u002Fazure\u002Fquantum\u002Fqsharp-quickstart","Q# quickstart",[656,7805,7806,7808,7811,7815],{},[680,7807,5024],{},[680,7809,7810],{},"0.45.1",[680,7812,7813],{},[219,7814,6584],{},[680,7816,7817],{},[25,7818,6596],{"href":7819},"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.pennylane.ai\u002Fen\u002Fstable\u002Fcode\u002Fapi\u002Fpennylane.set_shots.html",[656,7821,7822,7824,7827,7831],{},[680,7823,6775],{},[680,7825,7826],{},"1.127.3.post0",[680,7828,7829],{},[219,7830,690],{},[680,7832,7833],{},[25,7834,7836],{"href":7835},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Famazon-braket\u002Famazon-braket-sdk-python","Braket SDK",[656,7838,7839,7842,7845,7849],{},[680,7840,7841],{},"pytket, pytket-qiskit",[680,7843,7844],{},"2.18.5, 0.78.0",[680,7846,7847],{},[219,7848,6902],{},[680,7850,7851],{},[25,7852,6896],{"href":7853},"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.quantinuum.com\u002Ftket\u002F",[656,7855,7856,7858,7861,7870],{},[680,7857,7040],{},[680,7859,7860],{},"4.22.0",[680,7862,7863,7865,7866,599,7868],{},[219,7864,7046],{},", plus ",[219,7867,7050],{},[219,7869,7057],{},[680,7871,7872],{},[25,7873,7040],{"href":7874},"https:\u002F\u002Fpyquil-docs.rigetti.com\u002F",[656,7876,7877,7879,7882,7886],{},[680,7878,5094],{},[680,7880,7881],{},"0.16.0",[680,7883,7884],{},[219,7885,7365],{},[680,7887,7888],{},[25,7889,7891],{"href":7890},"https:\u002F\u002Fnvidia.github.io\u002Fcuda-quantum\u002Flatest\u002Fusing\u002Fquick_start.html","CUDA-Q quick start",[656,7893,7894,7896,7899,7903],{},[680,7895,7491],{},[680,7897,7898],{},"0.3.5",[680,7900,7901],{},[219,7902,7497],{},[680,7904,7905],{},[25,7906,7491],{"href":7907},"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fqiboteam\u002Fqibo",[36,7909,1810],{"id":1809},[49,7911,7912,7916,7922,7926,7930],{},[52,7913,7914],{},[25,7915,4137],{"href":4136},[52,7917,7918],{},[25,7919,7921],{"href":7920},"\u002Flearn\u002Fquantum-computing-with-python","Quantum computing with Python",[52,7923,7924],{},[25,7925,5888],{"href":5887},[52,7927,7928],{},[25,7929,1833],{"href":1196},[52,7931,7932],{},[25,7933,1010],{"href":1009},[1841,7935,7936],{},"html pre.shiki code .sV9Aq, html code.shiki .sV9Aq{--shiki-default:#7F848E;--shiki-default-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .seHd6, html code.shiki .seHd6{--shiki-default:#C678DD}html pre.shiki code .sn6KH, html code.shiki .sn6KH{--shiki-default:#ABB2BF}html pre.shiki code .sjrmR, html code.shiki .sjrmR{--shiki-default:#56B6C2}html pre.shiki code .sVbv2, html code.shiki .sVbv2{--shiki-default:#61AFEF}html pre.shiki code .sVC51, html code.shiki .sVC51{--shiki-default:#D19A66}html pre.shiki code .s_ZVi, html code.shiki .s_ZVi{--shiki-default:#E06C75;--shiki-default-font-style:italic}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .subq3, html code.shiki .subq3{--shiki-default:#98C379}html pre.shiki code .sb9H8, html code.shiki .sb9H8{--shiki-default:#D19A66;--shiki-default-font-style:italic}",{"title":236,"searchDepth":260,"depth":260,"links":7938},[7939,7940,7941,7942,7948,7957,7958,7959,7960],{"id":5491,"depth":260,"text":5492},{"id":5521,"depth":260,"text":5522},{"id":5646,"depth":260,"text":5647},{"id":5659,"depth":260,"text":5660,"children":7943},[7944,7945,7946,7947],{"id":5677,"depth":273,"text":5678},{"id":5856,"depth":273,"text":5857},{"id":5970,"depth":273,"text":5971},{"id":6138,"depth":273,"text":5003},{"id":6398,"depth":260,"text":6399,"children":7949},[7950,7951,7952,7953,7954,7955,7956],{"id":6410,"depth":273,"text":6411},{"id":6578,"depth":273,"text":5024},{"id":6774,"depth":273,"text":6775},{"id":6896,"depth":273,"text":6896},{"id":7039,"depth":273,"text":7040},{"id":7350,"depth":273,"text":5094},{"id":7490,"depth":273,"text":7491},{"id":7637,"depth":260,"text":7638},{"id":1752,"depth":260,"text":1753},{"id":1796,"depth":260,"text":1797},{"id":1809,"depth":260,"text":1810},[1197,1863,5508],[],{"username":7,"name":1867,"role":1868,"avatar":1869},"The same two-qubit Bell state in Qiskit, Cirq, OpenQASM, Q#, PennyLane and five more toolkits. The ones Qollab runs in your browser come first.","Qiskit, Cirq, PennyLane, Q#, OpenQASM and five more toolkits compared on one Bell state. The Qiskit, OpenQASM and Cirq versions run in your browser on Qollab.",{},"\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fquantum-programming-languages\u002Fog.png","\u002Fblog\u002Fquantum-programming-languages","2026-10-13","10 min read",[],{"title":7973,"description":7965},"Quantum Programming Languages Compared, With Code You Can Run","blog\u002Fquantum-programming-languages",[1882,7976,7977],"programming","sdks","0YuRqGGBWDvKZV6miajwdMdY_DA56wcZaYbEbBkaz_4",{"id":7980,"title":1817,"authors":7981,"body":7982,"breadcrumb":8898,"builders":8900,"byline":8901,"category":1870,"categoryName":1870,"challenge":1870,"courseAuthor":1870,"courseLead":1870,"dek":8902,"description":8903,"draft":1873,"extension":1874,"eyebrow":1870,"featured":1873,"finish":1870,"fork":1870,"group":1870,"groupName":1870,"hero":1870,"heroAlt":1870,"heroCta":1870,"heroImage":1870,"homepageFeatured":1873,"kind":1875,"lessonCount":1870,"meta":8904,"navigation":302,"newsItems":1870,"next":1870,"ogImage":8905,"order":1870,"outcomes":1870,"path":8906,"prerequisite":1870,"prerequisiteLinks":1870,"publishDate":8907,"readingTime":8908,"related":8909,"relatedProjects":1870,"section":1882,"seo":8910,"spotlight":1873,"stem":8912,"tags":8913,"track":1870,"trackName":1870,"updates":1870,"__hash__":8914},"blog\u002Fblog\u002Fbuy-a-quantum-computer.md",[7],{"type":9,"value":7983,"toc":8889},[7984,7997,8005,8009,8012,8018,8024,8027,8033,8037,8040,8043,8173,8176,8186,8190,8196,8202,8423,8430,8435,8443,8449,8453,8456,8459,8463,8466,8469,8472,8476,8479,8840,8862,8864,8887],[12,7985,7986,7994],{},[15,7987,7988,7989,7993],{},"You can buy a quantum computer, rent one by the minute, the shot or the gate-shot, or ",[25,7990,7992],{"href":7991},"#how-to-run-one-free","run a real one free",". A two-qubit teaching unit sells for low five figures, a nine-qubit processor module is sold by quote without its refrigerator and control electronics, and a full system runs to millions.",[15,7995,7996],{},"Rented time starts at $96 a minute on IBM's Pay-As-You-Go plan and $0.000425 a shot on Amazon Braket, and IonQ hardware on Azure carries a per-program minimum. IBM's Open Plan includes ten free hardware minutes a month. Qollab runs your circuit free on simulators with real IBM and IonQ noise models, then on IonQ hardware for credits, and a new account starts with 100 of them.",[15,7998,7999,8000,8004],{},"Every provider price in this guide is as published on 17 September 2026, and the ",[25,8001,8003],{"href":8002},"#a-snapshot-september-2026","snapshot at the end"," lists each one with its link; the run prices in the table are derived from them. Prices change; check the provider's page before you budget.",[36,8006,8008],{"id":8007},"can-a-civilian-buy-a-quantum-computer","Can a civilian buy a quantum computer?",[15,8010,8011],{},"Yes, at three sizes: a teaching unit you can order, a processor module sold on a quote, and a full system.",[15,8013,8014,8017],{},[55,8015,8016],{},"Teaching units."," SpinQ sells desktop machines built on nuclear magnetic resonance that run at room temperature: the Gemini Mini and Mini Pro with two qubits and the Triangulum with three. SpinQ's price guide puts this tier \"in the lower five-figure U.S. dollar range, depending on configuration and support offerings\", and in 2021 SpinQ announced a desktop unit planned at under $5,000. Two qubits is enough for a Bell state on a physical device on a desk, and SpinQ aims the tier at schools, universities and training programs.",[15,8019,8020,8023],{},[55,8021,8022],{},"Processor modules."," Rigetti's Novera is a 9-qubit superconducting quantum processing unit (QPU), sold with a separate 5-qubit test chip; Rigetti asks buyers to allow four to six weeks for delivery once an order is confirmed and shipping is arranged. The package is the chips, the chip carrier, and the shielding, mounting and signalling hardware: everything that sits below the mixing chamber plate of a dilution refrigerator. The refrigerator itself, which keeps the chips near absolute zero, and the control electronics that drive them come from Rigetti's partners or your own lab, and the product page carries no price. SpinQ's guide places a standalone QPU \"in the five-figure to low six-figure\" bracket.",[15,8025,8026],{},"The one public figure for a whole Novera system is Rigetti's own: in September 2025 it announced purchase orders for two, about $5.7 million together, for delivery in the first half of 2026. The announcement does not say what each system includes.",[15,8028,8029,8032],{},[55,8030,8031],{},"Full systems."," IBM's On-Prem Plan, a dedicated system serviced by IBM, lists \"price requires quote\". SpinQ's buying guide puts an IBM Quantum System One at ten to thirty million dollars, which is one vendor's estimate of another vendor's price, and SpinQ's own industrial tier sits \"in the mid to high tens of millions\".",[36,8034,8036],{"id":8035},"what-renting-one-costs","What renting one costs",[15,8038,8039],{},"Providers sell hardware time in three units: the minute, the shot and the gate-shot. A shot is one run of the circuit ending in one measured result; a circuit is run for hundreds or thousands of shots because a single result is random. A gate-shot is one gate in one shot, so a circuit's gate count times its shots. IonQ's own cloud sells by quote.",[15,8041,8042],{},"The table prices the same two circuits on every route at 1,000 shots. The first is the two-qubit Bell state in the code below: one one-qubit gate, one two-qubit gate and two measurements. The second is the job IonQ uses as the worked example on its cost page, estimated for Forte Enterprise 1: 25 qubits, 400 one-qubit gates and 150 two-qubit gates, with error mitigation on. Where a rule forces a bigger task, the cell says so.",[650,8044,8045,8061],{},[653,8046,8047],{},[656,8048,8049,8052,8055,8058],{},[659,8050,8051],{},"Route",[659,8053,8054],{},"Unit",[659,8056,8057],{},"Bell state",[659,8059,8060],{},"25-qubit job",[675,8062,8063,8077,8091,8105,8118,8132,8146,8159],{},[656,8064,8065,8068,8071,8074],{},[680,8066,8067],{},"IBM · Open Plan",[680,8069,8070],{},"free minutes",[680,8072,8073],{},"$0, within the ten free minutes a month",[680,8075,8076],{},"$0",[656,8078,8079,8082,8085,8088],{},[680,8080,8081],{},"IBM · Pay-As-You-Go",[680,8083,8084],{},"per second",[680,8086,8087],{},"from $1.60 a second ($96 a minute), for every second the job runs",[680,8089,8090],{},"the same rate; a bigger circuit runs longer",[656,8092,8093,8096,8099,8102],{},[680,8094,8095],{},"Braket · IonQ Forte",[680,8097,8098],{},"per task + per shot",[680,8100,8101],{},"$80.30 ($0.30 a task + $80 for 1,000 shots); with error mitigation the task must carry 2,500 shots, $200.30",[680,8103,8104],{},"$80.30 or $200.30: the per-shot price is flat whatever the gate count",[656,8106,8107,8110,8112,8115],{},[680,8108,8109],{},"Braket · Rigetti Cepheus",[680,8111,8098],{},[680,8113,8114],{},"$0.73 ($0.30 a task + $0.43 for 1,000 shots)",[680,8116,8117],{},"$0.73",[656,8119,8120,8123,8126,8129],{},[680,8121,8122],{},"Azure · IonQ Forte 1",[680,8124,8125],{},"per gate-shot + a minimum",[680,8127,8128],{},"$1.29 in gate-shots + a $25.79 minimum, or $168.20 with error mitigation",[680,8130,8131],{},"$233.95 in gate-shots + the same minimum",[656,8133,8134,8137,8140,8143],{},[680,8135,8136],{},"IonQ Cloud · direct",[680,8138,8139],{},"by quote",[680,8141,8142],{},"estimated at submission; a dry run returns the figure first",[680,8144,8145],{},"$233.75, IonQ's own estimate for Forte Enterprise 1 at standard rates, not binding",[656,8147,8148,8151,8154,8156],{},[680,8149,8150],{},"Qollab · any simulator",[680,8152,8153],{},"free",[680,8155,8076],{},[680,8157,8158],{},"$0 on the Braket local and IonQ Forte simulators; 25 qubits is AWS's guidance for the Braket local simulator and close to the Forte model's 29, where IonQ warns a run may fail",[656,8160,8161,8164,8167,8170],{},[680,8162,8163],{},"Qollab · IonQ Forte 1",[680,8165,8166],{},"credits",[680,8168,8169],{},"quoted before you approve; a new account starts with 100 credits",[680,8171,8172],{},"quoted before you approve",[15,8174,8175],{},"Read the row for the service you would submit through; the simulator row is the only one that is not real hardware, and Azure adds its infrastructure costs on top of both IonQ figures. Per-shot billing on Braket prices the 550-gate job the same as the Bell state, gate-shot billing on Azure and on IonQ's cloud grows with the circuit, and per-second billing on IBM grows with the runtime, so the cheapest route depends on the shape of the job.",[15,8177,8178,8179,8183,8184,34],{},"A per-job minimum is most of the price of a small circuit. Error mitigation, the setting that moves both minimums, is IonQ's debiasing (",[25,8180,8182],{"href":8181},"\u002Flearn\u002Fdocs\u002Ferror-mitigation","error mitigation and debiasing"," explains it), on by default at 500 shots or more: on Azure it raises the program minimum from $25.79 to $168.20, and on Braket a mitigated IonQ task has to carry 2,500 shots, about two and a half times the price of the 1,000-shot one. A per-second or per-shot route with no floor is the cheaper one for a circuit this size. Every plan and rate, including the ones the table leaves out, is in the ",[25,8185,6406],{"href":8002},[36,8187,8189],{"id":8188},"how-to-run-one-free","How to run one free",[15,8191,8192,8193,8195],{},"On Qollab every simulator is free and only the quantum computers spend credits. Press ",[55,8194,4391],{},", pick a simulator, and the run costs nothing. Pick the IonQ Forte 1 quantum computer and the runner quotes the credit cost next to your balance, which starts at 100 credits on a new account, and asks before it spends above your allowance.",[15,8197,8198,8199,8201],{},"Several of the simulators carry the noise models of real machines. In the browser: a built-in simulator at 24 qubits, an AWS Braket local simulator at 25, and eight IBM noise-model simulators that copy six 156-qubit Heron devices and two 120-qubit Nighthawk devices. Those counts are the devices' sizes; how large a circuit your browser can simulate depends on its memory. On IonQ's cloud: noise-model simulators of Forte 1 and Forte Enterprise 1 at 29 qubits. A run on the Forte model returns a preview built from that machine's noise model, which IonQ calls a simplified approximation of the hardware. ",[25,8200,1833],{"href":1196}," lists every one. The circuit is the Bell state priced in the table:",[226,8203,8207],{"name":8204,"run-href":8205,"tag":8206},"bell_state.py","\u002Fu\u002Fqollab\u002Fbell-state","Python · Playground version",[231,8208,8210],{"className":233,"code":8209,"language":235,"meta":236,"style":236},"# 'backend' is pre-created for you in the Qollab Playground.\nfrom qiskit import QuantumCircuit\n\nqc = QuantumCircuit(2, 2)\nqc.h(0)\nqc.cx(0, 1)\nqc.measure([0, 1], [0, 1])\n\njob = backend.run(qc, shots=1000)\ncounts = job.result().get_counts()\nprint(counts)\n",[219,8211,8212,8221,8233,8240,8261,8275,8293,8319,8325,8348,8366,8374],{"__ignoreMap":236},[240,8213,8214,8219],{"class":242,"line":243},[240,8215,8218],{"class":8216,"aria-hidden":8217},"qg-cue qg-cue--empty","true","​",[240,8220,817],{"class":309},[240,8222,8223,8225,8227,8229,8231],{"class":242,"line":260},[240,8224,8218],{"class":8216,"aria-hidden":8217},[240,8226,247],{"class":246},[240,8228,251],{"class":250},[240,8230,254],{"class":246},[240,8232,257],{"class":250},[240,8234,8235,8237],{"class":242,"line":273},[240,8236,8218],{"class":8216,"aria-hidden":8217},[240,8238,8239],{},"​\n",[240,8241,8242,8245,8247,8249,8251,8253,8255,8257,8259],{"class":242,"data-cue":424,"line":286},[240,8243,424],{"class":8244},"qg-cue",[240,8246,379],{"class":250},[240,8248,320],{"class":319},[240,8250,384],{"class":323},[240,8252,344],{"class":250},[240,8254,389],{"class":353},[240,8256,357],{"class":250},[240,8258,389],{"class":353},[240,8260,368],{"class":250},[240,8262,8263,8265,8267,8269,8271,8273],{"class":242,"data-cue":389,"line":299},[240,8264,389],{"class":8244},[240,8266,397],{"class":250},[240,8268,400],{"class":323},[240,8270,344],{"class":250},[240,8272,405],{"class":353},[240,8274,368],{"class":250},[240,8276,8277,8279,8281,8283,8285,8287,8289,8291],{"class":242,"data-cue":4696,"line":306},[240,8278,4696],{"class":8244},[240,8280,397],{"class":250},[240,8282,415],{"class":323},[240,8284,344],{"class":250},[240,8286,405],{"class":353},[240,8288,357],{"class":250},[240,8290,424],{"class":353},[240,8292,368],{"class":250},[240,8294,8295,8297,8299,8301,8303,8305,8307,8309,8311,8313,8315,8317],{"class":242,"data-cue":4729,"line":313},[240,8296,4729],{"class":8244},[240,8298,397],{"class":250},[240,8300,884],{"class":323},[240,8302,887],{"class":250},[240,8304,405],{"class":353},[240,8306,357],{"class":250},[240,8308,424],{"class":353},[240,8310,896],{"class":250},[240,8312,405],{"class":353},[240,8314,357],{"class":250},[240,8316,424],{"class":353},[240,8318,905],{"class":250},[240,8320,8321,8323],{"class":242,"line":330},[240,8322,8218],{"class":8216,"aria-hidden":8217},[240,8324,8239],{},[240,8326,8328,8330,8332,8334,8336,8338,8340,8342,8344,8346],{"class":242,"data-cue":8327,"line":371},"5",[240,8329,8327],{"class":8244},[240,8331,502],{"class":250},[240,8333,320],{"class":319},[240,8335,918],{"class":250},[240,8337,485],{"class":323},[240,8339,923],{"class":250},[240,8341,525],{"class":347},[240,8343,320],{"class":319},[240,8345,530],{"class":353},[240,8347,368],{"class":250},[240,8349,8350,8352,8354,8356,8358,8360,8362,8364],{"class":242,"data-cue":4663,"line":376},[240,8351,4663],{"class":8244},[240,8353,556],{"class":250},[240,8355,320],{"class":319},[240,8357,561],{"class":250},[240,8359,564],{"class":323},[240,8361,944],{"class":250},[240,8363,575],{"class":323},[240,8365,327],{"class":250},[240,8367,8368,8370,8372],{"class":242,"line":394},[240,8369,8218],{"class":8216,"aria-hidden":8217},[240,8371,538],{"class":319},[240,8373,6135],{"class":250},[202,8375,8377,8385,8392,8399,8406,8413],{"class":8376},"qg-cues",[52,8378,8379,8381],{"data-cue":424},[240,8380,424],{"class":8244},[240,8382,8384],{"class":8383},"qg-cues__text","Two qubits and two ordinary bits to read the answers into.",[52,8386,8387,8389],{"data-cue":389},[240,8388,389],{"class":8244},[240,8390,8391],{"class":8383},"The one-qubit gate. Qubit 0 leaves with no fixed value.",[52,8393,8394,8396],{"data-cue":4696},[240,8395,4696],{"class":8244},[240,8397,8398],{"class":8383},"The two-qubit gate. Qubit 1 now follows qubit 0, whichever way it lands.",[52,8400,8401,8403],{"data-cue":4729},[240,8402,4729],{"class":8244},[240,8404,8405],{"class":8383},"Read both qubits into the two bits.",[52,8407,8408,8410],{"data-cue":8327},[240,8409,8327],{"class":8244},[240,8411,8412],{"class":8383},"Run the circuit 1,000 times on the backend you picked. Each run and its measured pair of bits is one shot, the unit the table prices.",[52,8414,8415,8417],{"data-cue":4663},[240,8416,4663],{"class":8244},[240,8418,8419,8420,8422],{"class":8383},"Tally the 1,000 results. ",[219,8421,5847],{}," means 502 shots read 00 and 498 read 11; on hardware a few 01 and 10 appear, which is the noise.",[15,8424,8425,8426,8429],{},"The Run dialog lists the free simulators first and the quantum computers last. As of September 2026 the last group is IonQ Forte 1 and Forte Enterprise 1, 36 qubits each, and the dialog is the source of truth for which machine is online. Fork ",[25,8427,8428],{"href":8205},"the Bell state",", press Run on the built-in simulator, and the counts come back in the console; when they look right, the same Run button puts it on Forte 1, and once the job finishes the runner reports the credits actually withdrawn, which can differ from the estimate.",[3559,8431],{"alt":8432,"caption":8433,"src":8434},"The Run dialog, headed Select QPU, shows a Shots field under Run settings, then the locally run simulators. The built-in and AWS Braket local simulators are marked Ideal, and eight IBM simulators are folded under one IBM row, marked Noise model. The first IonQ remote simulators follow. Every row is marked Free.","The Run dialog on Qollab. The project behind it asks for a shot count, so the dialog shows Run settings above the simulators.","\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fdocs\u002Fselect-qpu.webp",[15,8436,8437,8438,8442],{},"The 100 starter credits are on the account before any application, and the runner shows an estimate of what a run will take from them before it spends. More come from the ",[25,8439,8441],{"href":8440},"\u002Fprograms\u002Fcredits-grant","Qollab Grant Program",": port existing open-source quantum work or fork and extend a Qollab project for up to $10,000 in IonQ compute credits per project, or publish original work for up to $20,000. Submissions are reviewed on a rolling basis, the team tells you where a proposal lands before you commit to the work, and the credits expire three months after they land.",[15,8444,8445,8446,8448],{},"Each provider has a free route of its own. IBM gives each Open Plan instance up to ten minutes of hardware runtime a month. Amazon Braket's local simulator is free in its SDK, IonQ's cloud simulators are free with an account, and Rigetti's QVM simulator is free on Azure under every plan. ",[25,8447,109],{"href":108}," compares these and more.",[36,8450,8452],{"id":8451},"what-building-one-costs","What building one costs",[15,8454,8455],{},"None of the vendors on this page publishes a price for building one. What is public is the parts list, and a framework for deciding which parts an institution needs. Alex Krasnok's procurement framework, published on arXiv in April 2026 as \"What quantum computer to buy?\", argues that the phrase hides several different purchases: cloud access for teaching, reserved capacity for research, a local instrument for hardware training, an optimization appliance, or a strategic installation. His conclusion is that most institutions should begin with the smallest layer of capability that produces repeatable near-term value, and that a large on-premises system is justified only when mission, site readiness, staffing, governance and upgrade paths are already clear.",[15,8457,8458],{},"Rigetti's Novera is the parts list in practice. The module is a quote and arrives in weeks; the refrigerator, the control electronics, the people who calibrate them and an upgrade path are the rest, and Rigetti sells the system as upgradeable. Its two orders of September 2025, about $5.7 million together and not itemised, are the one public figure for what a whole system costs.",[36,8460,8462],{"id":8461},"is-there-a-1000-qubit-quantum-computer","Is there a 1,000-qubit quantum computer?",[15,8464,8465],{},"Yes. IBM's Condor processor, unveiled in December 2023, has 1,121 superconducting qubits. Atom Computing announced a 1,225-site atomic array holding 1,180 qubits in October 2023. In September 2025 a Caltech team reported a tweezer array of 6,100 atomic qubits, a research result; the group's stated next step is to entangle them.",[15,8467,8468],{},"The machines you can rent are smaller. IBM's fleet is built on processors of 100 or more qubits, IonQ's Forte systems hold 36, and Rigetti's Cepheus on Azure holds 108. Qubit count on its own says little about what a machine can compute.",[15,8470,8471],{},"On the day it unveiled Condor, IBM said its focus was moving from qubit count to error resistance, and the 133-qubit Heron it announced alongside had an error rate three times lower than its predecessor. Gate error is the number to read alongside qubit count: IonQ publishes it per backend as characterization data, and it decides how deep a circuit can go before noise dominates the output.",[36,8473,8475],{"id":8474},"a-snapshot-september-2026","A snapshot, September 2026",[15,8477,8478],{},"Every provider price list on this page as read on 17 September 2026, with its source; press figures and quotations carry their own dates. Check the linked page before you plan a budget: prices in this market change between visits, and a pricing page can outlast the hardware it lists. IonQ's own backend list marks the Aria 1 and Aria 2 hardware as retired, while Azure's provider pricing page still carries Aria 1 rates.",[650,8480,8481,8494],{},[653,8482,8483],{},[656,8484,8485,8488,8491],{},[659,8486,8487],{},"Source",[659,8489,8490],{},"Item",[659,8492,8493],{},"Price",[675,8495,8496,8510,8520,8530,8540,8549,8561,8571,8581,8591,8601,8613,8623,8632,8642,8651,8664,8674,8688,8698,8710,8725,8735,8745,8760,8775,8789,8804,8816,8828],{},[656,8497,8498,8504,8507],{},[680,8499,8500],{},[25,8501,8503],{"href":8502},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ibm.com\u002Fquantum\u002Fproducts","IBM Quantum",[680,8505,8506],{},"Open Plan",[680,8508,8509],{},"free, up to 10 minutes of runtime a month",[656,8511,8512,8514,8517],{},[680,8513],{},[680,8515,8516],{},"Pay-As-You-Go",[680,8518,8519],{},"from $96 a minute, billed per second, 1-second minimum",[656,8521,8522,8524,8527],{},[680,8523],{},[680,8525,8526],{},"Flex Plan",[680,8528,8529],{},"from $72 a minute, 400 minutes a year",[656,8531,8532,8534,8537],{},[680,8533],{},[680,8535,8536],{},"Premium Plan",[680,8538,8539],{},"from $48 a minute, 5,200 minutes a year",[656,8541,8542,8544,8547],{},[680,8543],{},[680,8545,8546],{},"On-Prem Plan",[680,8548,8139],{},[656,8550,8551,8555,8558],{},[680,8552,8553],{},[25,8554,685],{"href":1055},[680,8556,8557],{},"Per task",[680,8559,8560],{},"$0.30",[656,8562,8563,8565,8568],{},[680,8564],{},[680,8566,8567],{},"Per shot",[680,8569,8570],{},"Rigetti Cepheus $0.000425 · IQM Garnet $0.00145 · IQM Emerald $0.0016 · QuEra Aquila $0.01 · AQT IBEX-Q1 $0.0235 · IonQ Forte $0.08",[656,8572,8573,8575,8578],{},[680,8574],{},[680,8576,8577],{},"IonQ with error mitigation",[680,8579,8580],{},"2,500 shots minimum per task",[656,8582,8583,8585,8588],{},[680,8584],{},[680,8586,8587],{},"Reservations",[680,8589,8590],{},"$2,500 to $7,000 an hour",[656,8592,8593,8595,8598],{},[680,8594],{},[680,8596,8597],{},"SV1 simulator",[680,8599,8600],{},"$0.075 a minute in US East (N. Virginia), billed per millisecond with a three-second minimum",[656,8602,8603,8607,8610],{},[680,8604,8605],{},[25,8606,723],{"href":1082},[680,8608,8609],{},"IonQ Forte 1, Forte Enterprise 1",[680,8611,8612],{},"$0.0001645 per one-qubit gate-shot, $0.001121 per two-qubit gate-shot; minimum per program $168.195 with error mitigation on, $25.7899 off; plus Azure infrastructure costs",[656,8614,8615,8617,8620],{},[680,8616],{},[680,8618,8619],{},"IonQ Aria-Forte plan",[680,8621,8622],{},"$25,000 a month, plus Azure infrastructure costs",[656,8624,8625,8627,8629],{},[680,8626],{},[680,8628,1590],{},[680,8630,8631],{},"Standard $125,000 a month for 10,000 HQCs (hardware quantum credits, Quantinuum's job unit); Premium $175,000 for 17,000; plus infrastructure costs",[656,8633,8634,8636,8639],{},[680,8635],{},[680,8637,8638],{},"Rigetti Cepheus-1-108Q",[680,8640,8641],{},"$0.02 per 10-millisecond increment of execution time",[656,8643,8644,8646,8648],{},[680,8645],{},[680,8647,1526],{},[680,8649,8650],{},"EUR 3,000 per QPU-hour, plus infrastructure costs",[656,8652,8653,8658,8661],{},[680,8654,8655],{},[25,8656,764],{"href":8657},"https:\u002F\u002Fionq.com\u002Fquantum-cloud",[680,8659,8660],{},"Simulators",[680,8662,8663],{},"free with an account",[656,8665,8666,8668,8671],{},[680,8667],{},[680,8669,8670],{},"QPU access",[680,8672,8673],{},"volume-based pricing by quote; Research Credits up to $10,000 for academic researchers",[656,8675,8676,8682,8685],{},[680,8677,8678],{},[25,8679,8681],{"href":8680},"https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.ionq.com\u002Fguides\u002Fjob-cost-and-usage","IonQ job cost guide",[680,8683,8684],{},"Sizing",[680,8686,8687],{},"one-qubit gates, two-qubit gates and shots; a per-circuit minimum on small jobs, lower with debiasing off; debiasing on by default at 500 shots or more; a dry run returns an estimate",[656,8689,8690,8692,8695],{},[680,8691],{},[680,8693,8694],{},"Worked example",[680,8696,8697],{},"25 qubits, 400 1Q gates, 150 2Q gates, 1,000 shots, error mitigation on: $233.75 estimated for Forte Enterprise 1 at standard rates, not binding",[656,8699,8700,8705,8707],{},[680,8701,8702],{},[25,8703,8704],{"href":1297},"IonQ backends",[680,8706,1248],{},[680,8708,8709],{},"Forte 1 and Forte Enterprise 1, 36 qubits, available; Aria 1, Aria 2 and Harmony retired",[656,8711,8712,8719,8722],{},[680,8713,8714,8718],{},[25,8715,8717],{"href":8716},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.spinq.com\u002Fen\u002Fnews-detail\u002Fquantum-computers-cost-price-guide-factors-and-spinq-solutions","SpinQ price guide",", August 2025",[680,8720,8721],{},"Educational systems",[680,8723,8724],{},"\"in the lower five-figure U.S. dollar range\"",[656,8726,8727,8729,8732],{},[680,8728],{},[680,8730,8731],{},"Standalone QPUs",[680,8733,8734],{},"\"five-figure to low six-figure\"",[656,8736,8737,8739,8742],{},[680,8738],{},[680,8740,8741],{},"Industrial systems",[680,8743,8744],{},"\"mid to high tens of millions\"",[656,8746,8747,8754,8757],{},[680,8748,8749,8753],{},[25,8750,8752],{"href":8751},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.spinq.com\u002Fnews-detail\u002Fwhere-to-buy-a-quantum-computer-top-options-explained20250122054251","SpinQ, Where to Buy a Quantum Computer",", January 2025",[680,8755,8756],{},"IBM Quantum System One",[680,8758,8759],{},"ten to thirty million dollars, SpinQ's estimate",[656,8761,8762,8769,8772],{},[680,8763,8764,8768],{},[25,8765,8767],{"href":8766},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.discovermagazine.com\u002Fa-desktop-quantum-computer-for-just-usd5-000-42198","Discover",", January 2021",[680,8770,8771],{},"SpinQ desktop unit announced for 2021",[680,8773,8774],{},"planned at under $5,000",[656,8776,8777,8783,8786],{},[680,8778,8779],{},[25,8780,8782],{"href":8781},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rigetti.com\u002Fnovera","Rigetti Novera",[680,8784,8785],{},"9-qubit QPU with a 5-qubit test chip",[680,8787,8788],{},"price on request; all hardware below the mixing chamber plate of a dilution refrigerator (plate of 290 mm or more); allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery once an order is confirmed and shipping is arranged",[656,8790,8791,8798,8801],{},[680,8792,8793,8797],{},[25,8794,8796],{"href":8795},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rigetti.com\u002Fnews\u002Frigetti-announces-purchase-orders-for-two-quantum-computing-systems-totaling-approximately-5-7-million","Rigetti news",", 30 September 2025",[680,8799,8800],{},"Two Novera systems",[680,8802,8803],{},"purchase orders of about $5.7 million together, delivery in the first half of 2026",[656,8805,8806,8811,8813],{},[680,8807,8808],{},[25,8809,8810],{"href":1196},"Qollab compute backends",[680,8812,8660],{},[680,8814,8815],{},"free: built-in (24 qubits), Braket local (25), eight IBM noise models of 156- and 120-qubit devices, IonQ Forte 1 and Forte Enterprise 1 noise models (29)",[656,8817,8818,8823,8825],{},[680,8819,8820],{},[25,8821,8822],{"href":1211},"Qollab, how credits work",[680,8824,8609],{},[680,8826,8827],{},"credits, quoted before the run; 100 credits on a new account",[656,8829,8830,8834,8837],{},[680,8831,8832],{},[25,8833,8441],{"href":8440},[680,8835,8836],{},"Compute credits",[680,8838,8839],{},"up to $10,000 per project for a port or a fork, up to $20,000 for original work",[15,8841,8842,8843,8847,8848,8852,8853,8857,8858,34],{},"Qubit counts: IBM Condor 1,121 (",[25,8844,8846],{"href":8845},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Fibm-releases-first-ever-1-000-qubit-quantum-chip\u002F","Scientific American, December 2023","); Atom Computing 1,180 (",[25,8849,8851],{"href":8850},"https:\u002F\u002Fatom-computing.com\u002Fquantum-startup-atom-computing-first-to-exceed-1000-qubits\u002F","announcement, October 2023","); Caltech 6,100 (",[25,8854,8856],{"href":8855},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.caltech.edu\u002Fabout\u002Fnews\u002Fcaltech-team-sets-record-with-6100-qubit-array","news release, September 2025","). Procurement framework: ",[25,8859,8861],{"href":8860},"https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fabs\u002F2604.04761","Krasnok, arXiv:2604.04761, April 2026",[36,8863,1810],{"id":1809},[49,8865,8866,8870,8875,8879,8883],{},[52,8867,8868],{},[25,8869,5401],{"href":5400},[52,8871,8872],{},[25,8873,8874],{"href":1211},"How credits work",[52,8876,8877],{},[25,8878,1833],{"href":1196},[52,8880,8881],{},[25,8882,1839],{"href":1838},[52,8884,8885],{},[25,8886,8441],{"href":8440},[1841,8888,5418],{},{"title":236,"searchDepth":260,"depth":260,"links":8890},[8891,8892,8893,8894,8895,8896,8897],{"id":8007,"depth":260,"text":8008},{"id":8035,"depth":260,"text":8036},{"id":8188,"depth":260,"text":8189},{"id":8451,"depth":260,"text":8452},{"id":8461,"depth":260,"text":8462},{"id":8474,"depth":260,"text":8475},{"id":1809,"depth":260,"text":1810},[1197,1863,8899],"Buy a quantum computer",[],{"username":7,"name":1867,"role":1868,"avatar":1869},"What a quantum computer costs to buy, what a minute, a shot or a gate-shot costs to rent, and how to run a real one free, with every price dated.","What a quantum computer costs to buy, what a minute or a shot costs to rent on IBM, Braket, Azure and IonQ, and how to run a real one free. Every price dated.",{},"\u002F_content\u002Fimages\u002Fbuy-a-quantum-computer\u002Fog.png","\u002Fblog\u002Fbuy-a-quantum-computer","2026-09-18","8 min read",[],{"title":8911,"description":8903},"How Much Does a Quantum Computer Cost? Buy, Rent, or Run One Free","blog\u002Fbuy-a-quantum-computer",[1882,1888,8166],"AZPiI6G4t3xuvHcdvZNP6JTCh4TSs45OvX1_F1ji8p0",[],[],1792604476824]